•7 effects have each been repeatedly reported following Wi-Fi & other EMF exposures.
•Established Wi-Fi effects, include apoptosis, oxidat. stress &:
•testis/sperm dysfunct; Neuropsych; DNA impact; hormone change; Ca2+ rise.
•Wi-Fi is thought to act via voltage-gated calcium channel activation.
•One claim of no Wi-Fi effects was found to be deeply flawed.
Abstract
Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with each such effect being documented in from 10 to 16 reviews. Therefore, each of these seven EMF effects are established effects of Wi-Fi and of other microwave frequency EMFs. Each of these seven is also produced by downstream effects of the main action of such EMFs, voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation. While VGCC activation via EMF interaction with the VGCC voltage sensor seems to be the predominant mechanism of action of EMFs, other mechanisms appear to have minor roles. Minor roles include activation of other voltage-gated ion channels, calcium cyclotron resonance and the geomagnetic magnetoreception mechanism. Five properties of non-thermal EMF effects are discussed. These are that pulsed EMFs are, in most cases, more active than are non-pulsed EMFs; artificial EMFs are polarized and such polarized EMFs are much more active than non-polarized EMFs; dose-response curves are non-linear and non-monotone; EMF effects are often cumulative; and EMFs may impact young people more than adults. These general findings and data presented earlier on Wi-Fi effects were used to assess the Foster and Moulder (F&M) review of Wi-Fi. The F&M study claimed that there were seven important studies of Wi-Fi that each showed no effect. However, none of these were Wi-Fi studies, with each differing from genuine Wi-Fi in three distinct ways. F&M could, at most conclude that there was no statistically significant evidence of an effect. The tiny numbers studied in each of these seven F&M-linked studies show that each of them lack power to make any substantive conclusions. In conclusion, there are seven repeatedly found Wi-Fi effects which have also been shown to be caused by other similar EMF exposures. Each of the seven should be considered, therefore, as established effects of Wi-Fi.
Wi-Fi (also known as WiFi or WLAN) is a wireless network involving at least one Wi-Fi antenna connected to the internet and a series of computers, laptops and/or other wireless devices communicating wirelessly with the Wi-Fi antenna. In this way, each such wireless communication device can communicate wirelessly with the internet. All the studies reviewed here were of Wi-Fi using the 2.4 GHz band, although there is also a 5 GHz band reserved for possible Wi-Fi use.
Telecommunications industry-linked individuals and groups have claimed that there are no and cannot possibly be any health impacts of Wi-Fi (Foster and Moulder, 2013; Berezow and Bloom, 2017). However with Wi-Fi exposures becoming more and more common and with many of our exposures being without our consent, there is much concern about possible Wi-Fi health effects. This paper is not focused on anecdotal reports but rather on 23 controlled, scientific studies of such health-related effects in animals, cells including human cells in culture and in human beings (Table 1).
Table 1. Summary of health impacts of Wi-Fi EMF exposures.
Neuropsychiatric changes including EEG; prenatal Wi-Fi leads to post-natal neural development, increased cholinesterase; decreased special learning; Wi-Fi led to greatly lowered ability to distinguish familiar from novel objects, changes in GABA and cholinergic transmission
Growth stimulation of adipose stem cells (role in obesity?)
Each of the effects reported above in from 2 to 11 studies, have an extensive literature for their occurrence in response to various other non-thermal microwave frequency EMFs, discussed in detail below. These include (see Table 1) findings that Wi-Fi exposures produce impacts on the testis leading to lowered male fertility; oxidative stress; apoptosis (a process that has an important causal role in neurodegenerative disease); cellular DNA damage (a process causing cancer and germ line mutations); neuropsychiatric changes including EEG changes; hormonal changes.
The discussion here focuses on those Wi-Fi effects which have been found by multiple Wi-Fi studies and have been previously confirmed by non-thermal exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs. The 1971/72 U.S. Office of Naval Medical Research study (Glaser, 1971) reported the following changes related to testis or sperm: 1. Decreased testosterone leading to lowered testis size. 2. Histological changes in testicular epithelial structure. 3. Gross testicular histological changes. 4. Decreased spermatogenesis. Glaser (1971) also reported a total of 35 neurological/neuropsychiatric effects of non-thermal EMF exposures, including 9 central nervous system effects, 4 autonomic system effects, 17 psychological disorders, 4 behavioral changes and EEG changes. It also reported 7 types of chromosomal aberrations several of which are known to be caused by chromosomal double stranded DNA breaks, 8 types of endocrine changes, and cell death (what we now call apoptosis). Glaser (1971) also provided over 1000 different citations each reporting various types of non-thermal microwave frequency EMF effects. Consequently, the existence of 5 types of Wi-Fi effects, each supported by multiple Wi-Fi studies were already well-supported as general non-thermal EMF effects back in 1971, 47 years ago: effects on the testis and sperm production, neurological/neuropsychiatric effects, endocrine effects, attacks on cellular DNA and increased apoptosis/cell death.
The 146 page review published by Tolgskaya and Gordon (1973) found that in studies of histological changes in rodents, the three most sensitive organs in the body to non-thermal microwave EMFs were the nervous system (including the brain), followed closely by the heart and the testis. They also reported changes in neuroendocrine tissues and increased cell death in multiple tissues. Thus those pre-1973 rodent studies already showed that other EMFs caused 4 of the repeated, recently documented Wi-Fi effects: changes in testis structure/function, neurological effects, increased cell death (possibly via apoptosis) and endocrine effects. Findings from our longer list of EMF reviews of non-thermal effects are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. Reviews of Non-thermal Effects of Microwave Frequency EMFs Similar to Those Found in Multiple Wi-Fi Studies.
Each of the 7 Wi-Fi effects found in 2–11 studies (Table 1), have also been found to be caused by other microwave frequency EMFs, in a much larger literature (Table 2). From 10 to 16 reviews extensively document each of these seven effects as general microwave frequency effects (Table 2). These are, therefore, general effects produced by such EMFs. Each of these 7 repeatedly found Wi-Fi effects should, therefore, be considered established Wi-Fi effects. The author is not aware of any genuine Wi-Fi studies on these 7 effects that reported no statistically significant evidence of effect.
Each of these 7 is very serious: Oxidative stress has causal roles in most chronic human diseases; cellular DNA damage can cause cancer, thus producing a partial explanation for EMF cancer causation; because such DNA damage occurs in sperm cells (Atasoy et al., 2013, Avendaño et al., 2012, Akdag et al., 2016, Liu et al., 2014, Asghari et al., 2016), such damage is highly likely to produce mutations that impact future generations; calcium overload is highly likely to be the cause of each of these various other effects, as discussed below; apoptosis has central roles in neurodegenerative diseases; the neuropsychiatric effects are almost certainly caused by the impact of EMFs on brain structure which is extensively documented and, in my opinion, produces many impacts (Pall, 2016b). A recent meta-analysis shows major lowering of sperm counts and sperm quality in many countries around the world, with declines of over 50% in all advanced technology countries (Levine et al., 2017). The senior author of this study suggested that this effect alone may lead to human extinction (No authors listed, 2017). Given the major impact of EMF exposures on sperm count and quality in human and in animal studies, the pattern of evidence on male fertility is very worrying.
One thing needs to be clarified, here, however. In the two studies on calcium overload following Wi-Fi exposure, such overload was measured a substantial time period following exposure. Overload was shown to be caused, to a substantial effect, by increased TRPV1 receptor activity (Çiğ and Nazıroğlu, 2015, Ghazizadeh and Nazıroğlu, 2014). The TRPV1 receptor is known to be activated by oxidative stress. It is my view, discussed in detail below, that there is a central mechanism that acts to produce excessive intracellular calcium immediately following EMF exposure and that the oxidative stress/TRPV1 activation is secondary.
We have then, major impacts of non-thermal EMF exposures on both of the most important intercellular regulatory systems in the body, the nervous system and the endocrine systems. We have major impacts on what may be the most important intracellular regulatory system, the calcium regulatory system. And we also have non-thermal EMFs attacking the DNA of our cells, putting our biological inheritance at great risk. As living organisms, EMFs attack each of the most important functions that go to the heart of our human complexities.
Despite all of these clear and important, non-thermal effects, and the fact that there was substantial evidence for many of them already known before 1973, our current U.S. and international safety guidelines are still based on considering only thermal effects.
2. Wi-Fi and other wireless communication EMFs are pulsed, leading to larger biological impacts; These EMFs are also polarized, also producing larger effects; Dose response curves are often both non-linear and non-monotone
There are three patterns of EMF action, each of which is very important and each of which is almost universally ignored by the telecommunications industry and industry-linked organizations. The most extensively reviewed of these is that pulsed EMFs are usually much more biologically active than are non-pulsed (also known as continuous wave) EMFs of identical frequency and similar average intensity (Osipov, 1965, Pollack and Healer, 1967, Creighton et al., 1987, Grigor’ev, 1996, Belyaev, 2005, Belyaev, 2015, Markov, 2007, Van Boxem et al., 2014, Pall, 2015b, Panagopoulos et al., 2015b). This pattern of action is particularly important because all wireless communication devices, including Wi-Fi (Panagopoulos et al., 2015b, Maret, 2015) communicate via pulsations and are likely to be particularly dangerous as consequence of this. Panagopoulos et al., 2015b have argued that the more pulsed they are, the more damaging EMFs will be and while this may still be questioned, it may well be a roughly applicable generalization.
It is also true that artificial EMFs are polarized and this makes artificial EMFs particularly dangerous (Belyaev, 2005, Belyaev, 2015, Panagopoulos et al., 2015a). Polarized EMFs put much larger forces of electrically charged chemical groups than do non-polarized EMFs (Panagopoulos et al., 2015a), an observation that is relevant to the main mechanism of EMF action in living cells discussed below.
It has often been found that there are windows of exposure where specific intensity ranges produce maximum biological effects, which drop off going to both lower or higher intensities (Belyaev, 2005, Belyaev, 2015, Pall, 2015b). It can be seen from this that dose-response curves are often both non-linear and non-monotone whereas industry linked groups often assume a linear and therefore monotone dose-response curve.
3. EMF effects are often cumulative and irreversible
One question that has been raised about the effects of these low-intensity EMFs producing biological effects is are they cumulative? I am aware of three different types of evidence for cumulative effects. Three of the human occupational exposure studies from the 1970’s reviewed in Raines (1981), showed that effects increased substantially with increasing time of exposure to a particular type and intensity of EMF.
The impacts of such EMFs on animal brains were reviewed in Tolgskaya and Gordon (1973) and discussed in Pall (2016b). Initially exposures over period of 1–2 months produced relatively modest changes in structure of the brain and the neurons and when exposures ceased, most of the structural changes disappeared – that is the changes were largely reversible. However more months of exposure produced much more severe impacts on brain and neuronal structure and these were irreversible (Tolgskaya and Gordon, 1973, Pall, 2016b).
Magras and Xenos (1997) put pairs of young mice into cages on the ground at two locations each with somewhat different exposures within an antenna park. The exposure levels at both sites were well within safety guidelines, so if the safety guidelines have any biological relevance, there should have been no apparent effects. It takes about 30 days for mice to go through gestation. At the higher level exposure, the pairs produced one litter of lower than normal size, and a second litter with lowered numbers of progeny; after that they were completely sterile or had extremely low fertility (Magras and Xenos, 1997). At the other site, the mating pairs produced four litters, with decreasing numbers of progeny over time followed by complete sterility. In both groups, the mating and possible subsequent gestatation for the fifth possible litter were performed under conditions of no EMF exposure, but the fertility effects were not reversed; therefore fertility effects may become irreversible, suggesting a similar pattern to the brain related effects of EMFs. It should be noted that Özorak el al (2013) showed that Wi-Fi exposure impacted animal reproduction and that (Atasoy et al., 2013, Shokri et al., 2015, Dasdag et al., 2015, Avendaño et al., 2012, Yildiring et al., 2015, Oni et al., 2011, Akdag et al., 2016) suggest this as well from the Wi-Fi impacts on testis structure and sperm production.
Mutation accumulation produced by cellular DNA damage is likely to be both cumulative and irreversible, as well, because later mutations are highly unlikely to reverse previously occurring mutations.
We have therefore reason to think that such effects as brain damage to animal brains, neuropsychiatric effects in humans, reproductive dysfunction in mice and mutational effects, are each cumulative. Those same effects may be completely or largely irreversible. One thing that this should tell us is that the short-term Wi-Fi studies shown in Table 1 may greatly underestimate the damage Wi-Fi may do over much longer time periods. Given the fact that Wi-Fi has been placed in most schools, hotels, restaurants, coffee shops, commercial aircraft and airports as well as in many homes and that Wi-Fi hot spots are becoming increasingly common in cities around the world, we should expect massive cumulative Wi-Fi effects in many people. A second tentative inference is that false assurances of safety on the part of industry are likely to lead to much more severe effects on people exposed to Wi-Fi or other EMFs; rather than leading them to protect themselves or their children by avoiding exposures or demanding that others stop non-voluntary exposures, they are likely to avoid protective changes or be prevented from doing such protective changes. A third inference is that these effects may be among the more difficult ones for us to attribute to EMF exposure. We are much more aware of effects that occur rapidly than those that take months or years before they become readily apparent.
4. Wi-Fi and other EMFs may be particularly damaging to young people
Most arguments that have been made that microwave frequency EMFs may be much more damaging to young children have centered on the much smaller skulls and skull thickness in young children, increasing the exposure of their brains to EMFs (Gandhi and Kang, 2001, Gandhi et al., 2012). However there are other arguments to be made. EMFs have been shown to be particularly active in producing effects on embryonic stem cells (Lee et al., 2014, Belyaev et al., 2009, Markovà et al., 2010, Czyz et al., 2004, Xu et al., 2016, Bhargav et al., 2015, Odaci et al., 2008, Uchugonova et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2015, Teven et al., 2012). Because such stem cells occur at much higher cell densities in children, with stem cell densities the highest in the fetus and decreasing with increasing age (Belyaev et al., 2009, Markovà et al., 2010), impacts on young children are likely to be much higher than in adults. The decreased DNA repair and increased DNA damage following EMF exposure strongly suggest that young children may be increasingly susceptible to cancer following such exposures (Belyaev et al., 2009, Markovà et al., 2010, Czyz et al., 2004). EMF action on stem cells may also cause young children to be particularly susceptible to disruption of brain development (Xu et al., 2016, Bhargav et al., 2015), something that may be relevant to autism causation. These are all very problematic issues and we cannot rule out the possibility that there are other problematic issues as well. Redmayne and Johansson (2015) reviewed the literature showing that there are age-related effects, such that young people are more sensitive to EMF effects. It follows from these various findings that the placement of Wi-Fi into schools around the country may well be a high level threat to the health of our children as well being a threat to teachers and any very sensitive fetuses teachers may be carrying, as well.
5. How do EMF exposures lead to non-thermal health impacts?
The author found the answer to this question in the already published scientific literature (Pall, 2013). That study showed that in 24 different studies [there are now a total of 26 Pall (2015b)], effects of low-intensity EMFs, including microwave frequency and also extremely low frequency EMFs, static electrical fields and static magnetic fields could be blocked by calcium channel blockers, drugs that are specific for blocking voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). There were 5 different types of calcium channel blockers used in these studies, each thought to be highly specific, each structurally distinct and each binding to a different site on the VGCCs. In studies where multiple effects were studied, all studied effects were blocked or greatly lowered by calcium channel blockers. These studies show that EMFs produce diverse non-thermal effects via VGCC activation Pall, 2013, Pall, 2014, Pall, 2015a, Pall, 2015b, Pall, 2016a, Pall, 2016b) in many human and animal cells. In plant cells, EMFs activate somewhat similar calcium channels and produce somewhat similar effects on oxidative stress, cellular DNA damage and calcium signaling (Pall, 2016a). Furthermore, many different effects shown to be produced in repeated studies by EMF exposures, including the effects discussed above, can be produced by downstream effects of VGCC activation, via increased [Ca2+]i, as discussed in detail below.
Before leaving this issue, it is important to discuss why the VGCCs are so sensitive to activation by these low-intensity EMFs. The VGCCs each have a voltage sensor which is made up of 4 alpha helixes in the plasma membrane, with each such helix having 5 positive charges on it, for a total of 20 positive charges (Pall, 2015b). These voltage sensor helixes are each called S4 helixes because each is the fourth helix in a distinct multi-helix domain. Each of these voltage sensor charges is within the lipid bilayer part of the plasma membrane. The electrical forces on the voltage sensor are very high for three distinct reasons (Pall, 2015b, Pall, 2015a, Pall, 2016a). 1. The 20 charges on the voltage sensor make the forces on voltage sensor 20 times higher than the forces on a single charge. 2. Because these charges are within the lipid bilayer section of the membrane where the dielectric constant is about 1/120th of the dielectric constant of the aqueous parts of the cell, the law of physics called Coulomb’s law, predicts that the forces on those charges will be approximately 120 times higher than the forces on charges in the aqueous parts of the cell. 3. Because the plasma membrane has a high electrical resistance whereas the aqueous parts of the cell are highly conductive, the electrical gradient across the plasma membrane is estimated to be concentrated about 3000-fold. The combination of these effects means that comparing the forces on the voltage sensor with the forces on singly charged groups in the aqueous parts of the cell, the forces on the voltage sensor are approximately 20 × 120 × 3000 = 7.2 million times higher (Pall, 2015b). The physics predicts, therefore, extraordinarily strong forces activating the VGCCs via the voltage sensor. It follows that the biology tells us that the VGCCs are the main target of the EMFs and the physics tells us why they are the main target. Thus the physics and biology are pointing in the same direction.
There are also additional findings pointing to the voltage sensor as the direct target of the EMFs. In addition to the VGCCs, there are also voltage-gated sodium, potassium and chloride channels, with each of these having a voltage sensor similar to those found in the VGCCs. Lu et al. (2015) reported that voltage gated sodium channels, in addition to the VGCCs were activated by EMFs. Tabor et al. (2014) found that Mauthner cells, specialized neurons with special roles in triggering rapid escape mechanisms in fish, were almost instantaneously activated by electrical pulses, which acted via voltage-gated sodium channel activation to subsequently produce large [Ca2+]i increases. Zhang et al. (2016) reported that in addition to the VGCCs, potassium and chloride channels were each activated by EMFs, although these other voltage-gated ion channels had relatively modest roles compared with the VGCCs in producing biological effects. Each of these three studies, the Lu et al. (2015) study, the Tabor et al. (2014) study and the Zhang et al. (2016) study used specific blockers for these other voltage-gated ion channels to determine their roles. The Tabor et al. (2014) study also used genetic probing to determine the role of the voltage-gated sodium channels. Lu et al. (2015) also used whole cell patch clamp measurements to measure the rapid influx of both sodium and calcium into the cell via the voltage-gated channels following EMF exposure. Sodium influx, particularly in electrically active cells, act in the normal physiology to depolarize the plasma membrane, leading to VGCC activation such that the voltage-gated sodium channels may act primarily via indirect activation of the VGCCs. In summary then, we have evidence that in animal including human cells, seven distinct classes of voltage-gated ion channels are each activated by EMF exposures: From the Pall (2013) review, four classes of voltage-gated ion channels were shown from calcium channel blocker studies, to be activated by EMFs, L-type, T-type, N-type and P/Q –type VGCCs. In this paragraph we have evidence that three other channels are also activated, voltage-gated sodium channels, voltage-gated potassium channels and voltage-gated chloride channels. Furthermore the plant studies strongly suggest that the so called TPC channels, which contain a similar voltage sensor, are activated in plants allowing calcium influx into plants to produce similar EMF-induced responses (Pall, 2016a). One can put those observations together with the powerful findings from the physics, that the electrical forces on the voltage-sensor are stunningly strong, something like 7.2 million times stronger than the forces on the singly charged groups in the aqueous phases of the cell. Now you have a stunningly powerful argument that the voltage sensor is the predominant direct target of the EMFs.
There is one additional finding that should be discussed here. In a study published by Pilla (2012), it was found that pulsed EMFs produced an “instantaneous” increase in calcium/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide synthesis in cells in culture. What Pilla (2012) showed was that following EMF exposure, the cells in culture, must have produced a large increase in [Ca2 + ]i, this in turn produced a large increase in nitric oxide synthesis, the nitric oxide diffused out of the cells and out of the aqueous medium above the cells into the gas phase, where the nitric oxide was detected by a nitric oxide electrode. This entire sequence occurred in less than 5 s. This eliminates almost any conceivable indirect effect, except possibly via plasma membrane depolarization. Therefore that the pulsed EMFs are acting directly on the voltage sensors of the VGCCs and possibly the voltage-gated sodium channels, to produce the [Ca2 + ]i increase.
Why is it that the VGCCs, acting via calcium influx, seem to be much more important in producing EMF effects than are the other voltage-gated ion channels? Probably for three reasons: 1. Ca2+ ions under resting conditions in cells have about a 10,000-fold concentration gradient driving them into the cell, and over a million-fold electrochemical gradient also driving them into the cell. Because of this, one can have huge calcium influxes upon channel activation. 2. [Ca2 + ]i produces many important regulatory effects, such that over activation of those effects can have very large pathophysiological consequences. 3. Sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i produces major cell damage.
6. How can the Wi-Fi effects be produced by EMF triggered VGCC activation?
Can the various effects produced by Wi-Fi and by other microwave frequency EMFs be produced by the downstream effects of VGCC activation? In order to determine that, one needs to consider the various downstream effects of VGCC activation, summarized in Fig. 1 and how these are likely to produce each of the effects of Wi-Fi and other microwave frequency EMFs. Let’s consider Fig. 1.
As shown in the top left section of Fig. 1, microwave and lower frequency EMFs act via VGCC activation to produce increases in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i. All of the downsteam effects of VGCC activation considered in Fig. 1 are produced by elevated (often excessive) [Ca2+]i.
Just to the right of [Ca2+]i in Fig. 1, you will see that elevated [Ca2+]i produced increases in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. This is because two of the three types of enzymes producing NO are calcium-dependent. There is an NO signaling pathway that goes through increased cGMP and increased protein kinase G activity. Protein kinase G can act by raising the activity of the transcriptional regulatory factor, Nrf2, to produce the therapeutic effects produced by EMF exposures (Pilla, 2013, Pall, 2014, Pall and Levine, 2015).
High levels of NO can bind to heme groups on cytochromes (uppermost section, Fig. 1) inhibiting cytochrome oxidase, the terminal oxidase in the mitochondria, inhibiting ATP synthesis. NO can also inhibit cytochrome P450s involved in steroid hormone synthesis, lowering levels of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone (sex hormones).
The main pathophysiological effects of EMF exposures are produced via excessive calcium signaling (lower left) and the peroxynitrite pathway (lower right). Peroxynitrite levels are elevated because both NO and superoxide are elevated by increased [Ca2+]i with NO and superoxide reacting with each other to form peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite and its CO2 adduct, can break down to produce reactive free radicals, hydroxyl radical, carbonate radical and NO2 radical which produce oxidative stress. These various oxidants act to produce greatly elevated NF-kappaB activity, leading to inflammation. All of this biochemistry and physiology is well-accepted and widely known with a single exception: The role of protein kinase G in raising Nrf2 has only recently been reviewed (Pall and Levine, 2015).
The ways in which these mechanisms can produce each of the seven effects produced by Wi-Fi, as well as other microwave frequency EMFs, are described in Table 3.
Table 3. How Eight Established Effects of Wi-Fi and Other EMFs Can Be Produced by VGCC Activation.
EMF effect
Probable mechanism(s)
Oxidative stress
Produced by elevated levels of peroxynitrite and the free radical breakdown products of peroxynitrite and its C02 adduct. Four studies of EMF exposure, cited in Pall (2013) showed that oxidative stress following exposure was associated with major elevation of 3-nitrotyrosine, a marker of peroxynitrite, thus confirming this interpretation. Two other studies each found 3-nitrotyrosine elevation, both following 35 GHz exposures (Sypniewska et al. (2010); Kalns et al., 2000).
Both the lowered male fertility and lowered female fertility are associated with and presumably caused by the oxidative stress in the male and female reproductive organs. Spontaneous abortion is often caused by chromosomal mutations, so the germ line mutations may have a causal role. Lowered libido may be caused by lowered estrogen, progesterone and testosterone levels. It seems likely that these explanations may be greatly oversimplified. One mechanism that may be important in lowered fertility is that VGCC activation and consequent high {Ca2+]i levels is known to have a key role in avoiding polyspermy. Consquently, if this if triggered before any fertilization of an egg has occurred, it may prevent any sperm from fertilizing and egg.
Neurological/ neuropsychiatric effects
Of all cells in the body, the neurons have the highest densities of VGCCs, due in part to the VGCC role and [Ca2+]i role in the release of every neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Calcium signaling regulates synaptic structure and function in 5 different ways, each likely to be involved here. Oxidative stress and apoptosis are both thought to have important roles. Lowered sleep and increased fatigue are likely to involve lowered nocturnal melatonin and increased nocturnal norepinephrine.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis can be produced by excessive Ca2+ levels in the mitochondria and by double strand breaks in cellular DNA; it seems likely that both are involved following EMF exposure. A third mechanism for triggering apopotosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress (see bottom row in this Table), may also be involved.
Cellular DNA damage
Cellular DNA damage is produced by the free radical breakdown products of peroxynitrite directly attacking the DNA [see Pall (2018) for discussion].
Changes in non-steroid hormone levels
The release of non-steroid hormones is produced by VGCC activation and [Ca2+]i elevation. The immediate effects of EMF exposures is to increase hormone release and to raise, therefore, hormone levels. However many hormone systems become “exhausted” as a consequence of chronic EMF exposures. The mechanism of exhaustion is still uncertain, but it may involve oxidative stress and inflammation.
Lowered steroid hormone
Steroid hormones are synthesized through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes; activity of these hormones is inhibited by binding of high levels of nitric oxide (NO) leading to lowered hormone synthesis.
Calcium overload
Produced by excessive activity of the VGCCs; secondary calcium overload is produced by oxidative stress activation of TRPV1, TRPM2 and possibly some other TRP receptors, opening the calcium channel of these receptors.
Heat shock protein induction
There is a large literature showing that excessive [Ca2+]i induces very large increases in heat shock proteins. This is thought to be produced by complex calcium signaling changes involving the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and the cytosol and also involving excessive [Ca2+]i producing increasing protein misfolding (Garbuz, 2017; Park et al., 2014; Krebs et al., 2011). It should be noted that some calcium is essential for proper protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum such that only excessive calcium leads to misfolding and consequent endoplasmic reticulum stress.
It can be seen from Table 3, that there are plausible mechanisms by which each of those seven effects can be produced by VGCC activation via known pathways. Given the complexities of biology, the mechanisms described in Table 3 may, in some cases, be over simplified.
There is one other finding, not related to the Wi-Fi findings, that is included in Table 3. A question that was raised in review of the paper was whether the heat shock stress elevation found following EMF exposure in many studies, could be produced by VGCC activation. As you can see from Table 3, it can be.
7. Other proposed biophysical mechanisms
One question that can be asked is how the VGCC activation mechanism compares with other biophysical models of non-thermal EMF effects. Belyaev (2015) has discussed a number of what he describes as biophysical models which are, therefore considered here. These models are basically theoretical models of how the weak electrical forces of the EMFs can interact with biologically plausible structures to produce non-thermal effects.
The first of these Belyaev considers is Fröhlich’s theory. This is where there are “coherent longitudinal vibrations of electrically polar structures.” The mechanism of Fröhlich’s theory will not be considered here (the reader is referred to Belyaev, 2015). The author considers this to be a plausible mechanism for possible production of some non-thermal EMF effects. However, there are no specific testable predictions made by the theory that suggest how it could be tested, given the fact that there may be multiple possible targets of the EMFs according to Fröhlich’s theory.
A second possible mechanism involves the spin state of radical pairs. When radical pairs are generated from the breakdown of a non-radical molecule, these radical pairs often react back with each other to form another non-radical molecule, not necessarily identical to the original non-radical. What is postulated by this theory is that EMFs can interact with one or both radicals, changing their spin state and greatly lowering their ability to react back with each other, thus generating increased free radicals and therefore increased oxidative stress. The potential strong point of this theory is that it provides an explanation for the oxidative stress found following EMF exposure. However, as noted under oxidative stress in Table 3, there are 6 studies where oxidative stress following EMF exposure was associated with very high levels of 3-nitrotyrosine, a specific marker of peroxynitrite elevation. These studies argue, therefore, that oxidative stress following EMF exposure is produced by peroxynitrite elevation and is not primarily produced by this radical pair mechanism. It follows from this that the proposed radical pair mechanism cannot even explain the properties of oxidative stress production, let alone the various consequences of non-thermal EMF exposure that do not involve oxidative stress. Does that mean that the radical pair mechanism has no possible role in producing non-thermal EMF effects? No, but it does argue there is no evidence for any such role.
A third mechanism discussed in Belyaev (2015) is the electrosoliton theory proposed by Brizhik and colleagues, involving a “self reinforcing solitary wave packet.” Brizhik and her colleagues discussed this in the context of reaching a threshold minimum energy state where both charged molecules and the EMF is in a coherent state, such that charge movement can ratchet from one state to another. This concept shows substantial similarity to what is thought to occur in the activation of the voltage sensor, that is discussed above. There we have four alpha helixes, each designated an S4 helix and with each S4 helix having 5 positive charges, with the 4 S4 helixes together making up the voltage sensor. Most of those positive charges are 3 amino acid residues apart from each other, such that the closest charged residues stick out from the helix pretty much on the same side of the helix. Three of those positive charges are electrostatically attracted to negative residues on other helixes thought to be in fixed positions. What is thought to happen in activation is that there a ratcheting of the S4 helixes toward the extracellular space, ratcheting such that the negative charges are now bound to a positive charge 3 residues away from the one that was previously bound. The ratcheting also produces some turning of the S4 helix. This needs to occur several times on each of the four S4 helixes to open the channel and allow calcium ions to flow. While I don’t completely understand the Brizhik electrosoliton model, it may well be relevant to our understanding the VGCC activation, because the mechanism of the voltage sensor is similar to what Brizhik and her colleagues propose to occur in the electrosoliton model. Both the electrosoliton model and the voltage sensor activation mechanism involve both charge movements and ratcheting. In order to test these biophysical models one needs to have a specific mechanism where it may apply and where such tests can be done. In the case of the voltage sensor of the VGCCs, these tests have already been done.
These models are basically theoretical models of how the weak electrical forces of the EMFs can interact with biologically plausible structures to produce non-thermal effects. Their theoretical support is their strong point. They are weak, however, in providing any compelling evidence that they have causal roles in producing non-thermal changes in cells in culture or in whole animal (or human) studies. They are also weak because they do not provide stated explanations for the range of EMF effects that have been documented.
Belyaev (2015) discusses microwave hearing in this context. He discusses the findings showing that people can hear microwave fields that are pulsed, including pulsed low intensity EMFs. While there is no doubt that these are very interesting observations on what are clearly non-thermal effects, they do not provide a biophysical model explaining how microwave hearing may occur. It is important, therefore to ask whether such microwave hearing could be caused by VGCC activation. It has been shown that hearing involves the activation of the VGCCs (Joiner and Lee, 2015). Furthermore, various otolaryngological conditions, including tinnitus, involve excessive VGCC activity, such that the calcium channel blocker, nimodipine is useful in their treatment (Monzani et al., 2015). These findings tells us that microwave hearing may be produced by VGCC activation. Consequently, microwave hearing may be interpreted as providing further support for the VGCC mechanism.
Following microwave hearing, Dr. Belyaev (2015) discusses plasma membrane and ion models. Here the VGCC mechanisms fit into the scheme, as do the other voltage-gated ion channels and the plant TPC channels, all discussed above as being activated by their voltage sensor following EMF exposures.
Finally, Dr. Belyaev (2015) discusses possible direct effects of EMFs on DNA, possibly leading to changes in chromatin structure and/or nuclear structure. There is a literature showing that aqueous solutions of DNA absorb microwave EMFs much more efficiently than do identical solutions not containing DNA. This clearly shows that DNA has a high absorbance of the EMFs, Furthermore, there are studies showing such dissolved DNA, when it absorbs such EMFs, undergoes structural changes as measured by biophysical techniques. All of this suggests that DNA is a plausible potential target for the EMFs. The problem is what are the predicted effects of such changes in DNA structure in living cells and organisms? Dr. Belyaev spends almost a page and a half in his paper discussing various possible models of interactions of DNA or of chromatin with EMFs. But again, how do we test any of these in living cells to demonstrate a role of such DNA or chromatin changes in producing any specific or general biological effects? Given the extraordinary complexity of living cells and organisms, there are only two powerful ways of demonstrating causal roles in such living cells and organisms. These are to use genetics or to use specific pharmacological agents. The extraordinary power of each of these approaches comes from the fact that these approaches allow researchers to vary one variable at a time out of the thousands of interacting variables in a living cell, allowing us to ask does that specific variable have a causal role in determining a specific response. But these two approaches can be used when specific proteins have specific roles, not when you are looking at the role of DNA structural changes, Fröhlich’s theory, radical pair mechanisms or electrosoliton models. Fortunately the VGCC mechanism does allow this approach by studying various classes of calcium channel blockers, so here we do have hard data on widespread causal roles of VGCC activation in producing EMF effects.
8. Two other models for producing non-thermal effects
With the possible exception of the electrosoliton model, the author does not find any of the models discussed by Dr. Belyaev (2015) to have substantial evidence for roles in producing EMF effects. There are two other models which may be more compelling, each of which either produces increased [Ca2+]i.
Six studies have supported the view that calcium cyclotron resonance, has a role in producing biological effects produced by certain specific frequencies which can interact with Ca2+ ions to produce a cyclotron-like resonance (Foletti et al., 2010; Gaetani et al., 2009; De Carlo et al., 2012; Lisi et al., 2008; Pazur and Rassadina, 2009; Pazur et al., 2006). In each case, the effects involved a very specific frequency which produces the calcium cyclotron resonance and in three studies, these frequencies were shown to produce increases in [Ca2+]i levels. In the De Carlo et al. (2012) study, the calcium channel blocker nifedipine was shown to greatly lower the apparent calcium cyclotron resonance effect. This finding strongly suggests that the calcium cyclotron resonance can feed Ca2+ ions into the VGCCs, thus increasing the flow of Ca2+ ions through the VGCCs into the cell following EMF exposure. The frequencies studied here for cyclotron resonance, one was close to 7 Hz and the other was close to 50 Hz, are both in the extremely low frequency range and consequently are not relevant to microwave frequency effects. The finding that only very specific calcium cyclotron resonance frequencies produce these effects is the main evidence for this mechanism.
It is now well established that there is a magnetoreception mechanism found in many animals that can detect and respond to the very low intensity geomagnetic field. This has been most studied in bees and in birds, both of whom use it for navigation. This has been suggested to involve tiny particles of magnetite which occur in bacterial, animal and plant cells, including human cells. Kirschvink (1992) first proposed a model of how such a mechanism might act. He proposed that magnetite particles may be tethered through a microtubule and/or microfilament or perhaps other fibers to a mechanosensitive channel, such that tiny magnetic forces could open the mechanosensitive channels, allowing cation flow into the cells. It is still uncertain what mechanosensitive channel or channels might be involved, but most of the candidates are channels that allow both sodium and calcium to flow into cells. Hsu et al. (2007) suggested that such magnetite particles were linked in honeybees to an undefined calcium channel, such that magnetic field exposure produces increases in [Ca2+]i. The worm Caenorhabditis elegans had been shown to have a geomagnetic orientation system. Vidal-Gadea et al. (2015) found that certain specific neurons in C. elegans which may be geomagnetic sensory neurons, very low intensity geomagnetic fields could produce increases in [Ca2+]i in those specific neurons, even when they had no synaptic inputs, suggesting that these neurons themselves acted as geomagnetic sensors.
Cadiou and McNaughton (2010) reviewed the literature on a magnetite-based magnetoreception system in birds and its role in avian migration. They also reviewed findings on neurons found in the trigeminal nerve of birds, where magnetic fields as low as 200 nT can activate specific neurons. Trains of action potentials are produced by magnetic fields, plateauing in the region of 20–100 mT. Latency in a study presented by Cadiou and McNaughton (2010) was about 4 s, but other studies have reported latencies of about 2.5 s. Therefore these are rapid effects. Cadiou and McNaughton (2010) also discuss possible roles mechanosensitive channels, including a model similar to that proposed by Kirschvink (1992) and also three other models, each involving different ways of coupling forces on magnetite to opening of a channel. Magnetoreception has also been reported to occur in a mammal, the mole-rat (Wegner et al., 2006). There are also studies of magnetic compass orientation in salmonids, newts, sea turtles and other rodents. There is evidence in Drosophila, that a magnetic structure attached to cryptochrome is involved in magnetoreception, as opposed to magnetite.
The two mechanisms described in this section have minor roles, only acting, as far as we can tell, in very specific situations. The calcium cyclotron resonance mechanism only acts with a few specific frequencies in the extremely low frequency range. The magnetoreception mechanism only acts, as far as one can tell, on detecting the weak geomagnetic fields and only acts, as far as one can tell, in certain specific neurons. It is possible that this view may change with regard to the magnetoreception mechanism but what is clear is that the VGCC mechanism is vastly more important than either of these mechanisms, acting in diverse cell types and acting to provide responses to a very wide frequency range and even to static electrical fields and static magnetic fields. Because static magnetic fields only place forces on moving electric charges, this produced a puzzle on how they can activate the VGCCs. Pall (2013) suggested that the solution to that puzzle is that the plasma membrane of animal cells is often moving, such that the charges in the voltage sensor are also moving and can, therefore, have forces placed on them by the static magnetic fields. These static magnetic fields, activating the VGCCs can be relative low intensity but probably must be much higher intensity than the extraordinarily weak geomagnetic fields. The reader is referred to Lu et al. (2015) for empirical information from an important static magnetic field study, where those static magnetic fields activate both VGCCs and voltage-gated sodium channels.
9. Foster and Moulder on Wi-Fi
The Foster and Moulder (2013) paper argues that there are no and cannot be any health effects of Wi- Fi. The first 7½ pages of the paper are, however, largely irrelevant to that issue. These pages discuss such issues as predicted peak power output, incident power density and the FCC and international safety guidelines. They also discuss specific absorption rate (SAR) values, a measure of heating. Because it is now established, as discussed above that thermal effects are not the relevant mechanism of non-thermal effects and that VGCC activation is the main mechanism of such effects, this whole section is irrelevant. Foster and Moulder (2013) discuss the issue of biological effects, praising 7 studies listed in table 4 of their paper as having “well-characterized exposure systems” of well defined SARS values, reporting that there were no effects in the rats or mice in those 7 studies. Those 7 studies are Laudisi et al. (2012), Sambucci et al. (2010), Aït-Aïssa et al., 2010, Aït-Aïssa et al., 2012, Aït-Aïssa et al., 2013Poulletier de Gannes et al., 2012, Poulletier de Gannes et al., 2013. The first two studies come from one research group and the other five from another, albeit with some shared personnel.
Six or those seven studies (Sambucci et al., 2010, Aït-Aïssa et al., 2010, Aït-Aïssa et al., 2012, Aït-Aïssa et al., 2013, Poulletier de Gannes et al., 2012, Poulletier de Gannes et al., 2013) used an exposure system described by Wu et al. (2009) that is important here and that was claimed to produce a near uniform exposure. Laudisi et al. (2012) used a somewhat similar exposure system of Ardoino et al. (2005), albeit another one that is also claimed to produce near uniform exposures. The important features here of the Wu et al. (2009) exposure system need to be examined in the light of the fact that, as discussed above, artificial EMFs are polarized with the polarization producing much larger biological effects than natural non-polarized EMFs (Belyaev, 2005, Belyaev, 2015, Panagopoulos et al., 2015a). The probable important feature of these polarized EMFs is that they put much larger forces on electrically charged groups (Panagopoulos et al., 2015a); since such forces are central to VGCC activation via the voltage sensor, as discussed above, they are likely to be central to the production of most biological effects. Let’s examine Wu et al. (2009) with that issue in mind. It uses a large chamber surrounded by 1 mm aluminum mesh wire mesh to provide reflections of the EMFs. The chamber in which animals are exposed on a platform at its center, is also surrounded by antennae in all 6 directions (up, down, all four horizontal directions) such that each antenna is broadcasting with one polarization is opposed (at 180°) by another broadcasting with the 180° opposite polarization, as well as by four other antennae, broadcasting with 90° different polarization in each of the four possible directions. This produces a field that is more like a non-polarized EMF rather than the usual polarized artificial EMF. This move toward non-polarization is further exacerbated by the aluminum wire reverberation system whose reflections will generate vast numbers of reflections of different polarity, like a non-polarized EMF. The consequences of this is that the structure of this exposure system is clearly very different from that seen in Wi-Fi or any other artificially produced EMF that we may be exposed to, with biological effects produced via electrical forces being vastly less. Consequently this exposure system is not only inherently different from genuine Wi-Fi, it is predicted to be inherently less active than genuine Wi-Fi, regardless of what EMFs are being fed into the 6 antennae.
There is a second type of consequence of using such reverberation exposure systems. Because of the many reverberations occurring, the path lengths of different photons reaching a specific point in the exposed tissue, will often be quite different from each other, such that the phase of the EMFs produced will also be quite different from each other. This leads to the possibility of destructive interference and thus a second mechanism which is predicted to lead to substantial decreases in the intensity of the exposures. Because exposures are usually predicted by groups using such exposure chambers without considering such destructive interference, rather than being measured, the actual exposures may be substantially lower than are the predicted exposures. Both the polarization effect and the possible difference between predicted exposure and actual exposure were considered in an earlier study.
Vian et al. (2006), using a different reverberation exposure chamber, discussed in Fig. 1 of that paper, how the various reverberations lead to the initial polarized EMF being converted to a non-polarized or at least, less polarized EMF. They also on p. 69 if that paper compared the predicted with the measured amplitude and found that the measured amplitude was only 78% of the predicted amplitude. These findings suggest that both of the lowered polarization and destructive interference discussed in the previous two paragraphs can have substantial roles in lowering biological responses produced when using such reverberation exposure chambers.
Laudisi et al. (2012) used a different exposure system, that of Ardoino et al. (2005) where the vast majority of the exposure is produced from reflections off a long cylindrical surface in a TEM cell, where the curvature of the cylinder will also produce a largely non-polarized EMF and different reverberation paths and consequent destructive interference, may both be expected to occur. Consequently the predicted low biological activity of EMFs produced by the Wu et al. (2009) system may be expected to also occur from this TEM exposure system Ardoino et al. (2005). It is not possible to study biological effects of EMFs from Wi-Fi, cell phones or any other important exposures using such exposure systems because of the polarization changes they produce from the original polarized EMFs and because of destructive interference.
Let’s now shift to the issue of the important role of pulsations in producing biological effects and ask whether the EMFs fed into the antennae have pulsation patterns similar or different from genuine Wi-Fi. Poulletier de Gannes et al. (2012) used a non-pulsed (continuous wave) as did Wu et al. (2009), an EMF which will have, therefore, much lower biological effects that genuine Wi-Fi with its myriad of pulsations (Maret, 2015). The other 6 studies (Laudisi et al., 2012, Sambucci et al., 2010, Aït-Aïssa et al., 2010, Aït-Aïssa et al., 2013, Poulletier de Gannes et al., 2013) used computers with Wi-Fi cards. Such Wi-Fi cards are designed to communicate with genuine Wi-Fi antennae, but are used here to communicate with each other, using two such computers to generate “Wi-Fi”. How the EMFs so generated compare with the pulsations of genuine Wi-Fi is a complete mystery and none of these papers provide any information to allow the reader to make such a comparison. It follows that these studies (Laudisi et al., 2012, Sambucci et al., 2010, Aït-Aïssa et al., 2010, Aït-Aïssa et al., 2013, Poulletier de Gannes et al., 2013) are not studying genuine Wi-Fi, even before the effects of the reverberation chamber and the reader is left with no evidence to compare these original EMFs with genuine Wi-Fi. In summary, then none of the EMFs used in these studies are genuine Wi-Fi, with them differing from genuine Wi-Fi in three different ways: the antenna locations produce a substantial difference from genuine Wi-Fi regarding EMF polarization and this is further exacerbated by the effects of the aluminum mesh reverberation producing further lowering of any polarization; differences in path lengths of different photons produce substantial destructive interference; the initial EMF fed into the antennae differs substantially from genuine Wi-Fi, with the main concern here being due to the issue of pulsation patterns and biological effects.
Let’s shift now to the claim made by Foster and Moulder (2013) that there were no effects found in any of these 7 studies. Rothman et al., Modern Epidemiology, 3rd Edition is a highly respected source of information, cited over 18,500 times according to the Google Scholar database. It states (p. 151, bottom) that: “A common misinterpretation of significance tests is that there no difference between two observed groups because the null test is not statistically significant, in that P is greater that the cutoff for declaring statistical significance (again, usually .05). This interpretation confuses a descriptive issue (whether two observed groups differ) with an inference about the superpopulation. The significance test refers only to the superpopulation, not the observed groups. To say that the difference is not statistically significant means only that one cannot reject the null hypothesis that the superpopulation groups are the same; it does not imply that the two groups are the same.” It follows that the claim of “no effect” that Foster and Moulder (2013) make about each of these 7 studies in Table 4 of their paper is false because one can never legitimately make such a claim; one can at most claim that there were no statistically significant differences.
However there are other reasons to reject those claims that need to be considered for each of these 7 studies. Each of these 7 studies fails to provide raw numerical data, the lack of which is problematic, given the other flaws that follow. 1).Laudisi et al. (2012) finds in Table 2, that two T cell populations are statistically significantly different in prenatally exposed mice vs sham controls: DP and CD4SP cells are significantly affected by exposure in mice at 26 weeks after birth; CD4SP cells are affected in female mice at 5 weeks after birth (P < .02 in each case). Furthermore in each of the measurements in Laudisi et al. (2012), only 11 or 12 mice were studied, tiny numbers. It follows that claims in Foster and Moulder (2013) that there were no effects are false or misleading for 3 distinct reasons: You can never make such claims even in large studies; there were 3 comparisons each of which showed statistically significant effects; this study was done with tiny numbers of animals being compared and thus had extremely low statistical power. 2).Sambucci et al. (2010) also had a tiny numbers, with 11 or 12 per group studied in Table 2, from 6 to 35 studied in Table 3 and 6 to 12 studied in Table 4. The claims of no statistically significant effects in Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5 are based on the tiny numbers in Table 3, are therefore, based on studies with very low statistical power. 3). The first part of the Aït-Aïssa et al. (2010) paper focused on GFAP values, a measure of gliosis, which is a risk factor for glioma formation. The groups studied in Fig. 4 of Aït-Aïssa et al. (2010) range from 3 to 10, so again we have tiny numbers and the authors report that none of the exposures, SAR= .08, = .4. or = 4 W/Kg produced statistically significant changes according to their statistical calculations. As in the other studies, no raw data are provided but Fig. 4 provides bar graph information which includes median values for each of the 10 different regions of the brain in these rats, control rats and also rats exposed either pre-natally or both pre-natally and post-natally. For 5 of those brain regions, M4, CA1, CA2, CA3 and DG, the median values are high enough that one can see which are higher and which are lower from the graph. It appears to this author that the median values go up from the sham exposures to the lowest intensity (= .08), that they drop going to the next intensity (= .4) and that they go up going to the highest intensity studies (= 4). You may recall (see above) that there are certain windows of exposure that give the highest biological response but with both lower and higher intensities giving lower responses. It follows that the complex apparent dose-response curve of Aït-Aïssa et al. (2010), can be explained by these window effects. The question is whether any such apparent changes are statistically significant? I did, therefore a Chi-square analysis of these data, to determine statistical significance, using both the only prenatal and both prenatal and postnatal exposures (see Fig. 4 in Aït-Aïssa et al., 2010). Those data show that in 10 out of 10 cases, the median value increased going from sham to .08 (P < .002.). Similarly, in 10 out of 10 cases, the median value drops going from .08 to .4 (P < .002). However in 8 out of 10 cases, the median value increases going from .4 to 4 (P < .07), falling just short of statistical significance. The median values increased with exposure, comparing the sham values with the values at 4 (P < .02). It follows from this, that three of the comparisons show statistically significant changes, and the fourth falls just short of statistical significance. Does this mean that that we should conclude that Wi-Fi can cause gliosis and thus possibly gliomas? No, but only because they did not study Wi-Fi. It should be noted, however that the long-term effects on the brain from pre-natal exposures may be relevant to autism causation.
4).Poulletier de Gannes et al. (2012) also suffered from tiny numbers in their study, with 12 to 15 rats studied in each group in Fig. 1, only 5 females in each group in Table 1, 12 to 15 rats in each group in both Table 2 and Table 3. 5).Aït-Aïssa et al. (2012) also suffers from tiny numbers of rats in the various studies. It used from 9 to 12 pregnant female rats in each group to attempt to assess EMFs impact of reproduction; it used 9 to 12 juvenile rats to determine if EMFs act to change antibody production; it used 9 to 12 young rats to determine whether EMFs impact growth over time. These tiny numbers mean that failure to find statistical significant changes has very low power to support any inferences. 6).Aït-Aïssa et al. (2013) had similar problems with tiny numbers, 6 to 12 in Fig. 5, 5 to 11 in Fig. 8 and 6 to 12 in Fig. 9. 7).Poulletier de Gannes et al. (2013) also suffers from tiny numbers. Fig. 1 groups each had 12 males or females and there were also groups of 12 studied in Table 1, Fig. 2 and Table 2. Regarding, the authors give no information regarding statistical significance or lack thereof; rather they only state that the values of these groups were “similar”, without providing a definition of “similar”. However in comparing the values of testis weight and epididymis weight at 4 W/Kg exposure vs sham control, they provided values for the mean and standard error of the mean (SEM). It is usually the case that when the mean values differ by more than 2.4 times the SEM, the difference is statistically significant. Here the testis weight, comparing sham with 4 W/Kg, values differed by 3.18 times the SEM and the epididymis weight differed by 3.40 times the SEM, each arguing strongly for statistical significance. This raises the question of why the authors failed to provide their P values?
An additional flaw of these 7 supposed Wi-Fi studies is that they each studied exposures of 2 h per day, 5 days per week except for one that only studied one hour per week, 5 days per day. Given that many people are exposed to Wi-Fi fields for 5, 6, 8 or more hours per day, this is another factor which argues that these studies may have been set up to minimize any effects seen.
To sum up the other flaws:
1.The 6 antennae of the reverberation chamber used in 6 out of 7 studies, minimized probable effects produced through the arrangement of the antennae in such a way as to greatly lower the polarization of the EMFs.
2.The use of 1 mm aluminum wires to produce the reverberation reflections, further decreases such polarization, again lowering probable effects. These structures are clearly very different from those found in genuine Wi-Fi, emphasizing the point that these are not genuine Wi-Fi studies, because of 1 and 2 here.
3.Differences in path lengths for different photons, produced by reverberation produce substantial destructive interference.
4.Furthermore the EMFs fed into the antennae are not genuine Wi-Fi either. It follows from this that claims that these are studies of genuine Wi-Fi made by both the authors of these individual studies and by Foster and Moulder (2013) are false.
5.The claims made by Foster and Moulder (2013) that there are no effects produced are also false; the most that may be legitimately concluded is that there is no statistically significant evidence of effects.
6.Each of the 7 studies used only tiny numbers of animals in each group studied, such that lack of statistical significance, because of the low power of these studies, drastically limits the drawing of inferences.
7.Finally, 3 out of 7 had evidence of statistically significant effects, with each of these being ignored by Foster and Moulder.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Adey, 1988W.R. AdeyCell membranes: the electromagnetic environment and cancer promotionNeurochem. Res., 13 (1988), pp. 671-677View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Aït-Aïssa et al., 2012S. Aït-Aïssa, B. Billaudel, F. Poulletier de Gannes, G. Ruffié, S. Duleu, A. Hurtier, E. Haro, M. Taxile, A. Athané, M. Geffard, T. Wu, J. Wiart, D. Bodet, B. Veyret, I. LagroyeIn utero and early-life exposure of rats to a Wi-Fi signal: screening of immune markers in sera and gestational outcomeBioelectromagnetics, 33 (2012), pp. 410-420, 10.1002/bem.21699View at publisher View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Aït-Aïssa et al., 2013S. Aït-Aïssa, F.P. de Gannes, M. Taxile, B. Billaudel, A. Hurtier, E. Haro, G. Ruffié, A. Athané, B. Veyret, I. LagroyeIn situ expression of heat-shock proteins and 3-nitrotyrosine in brains of young rats exposed to a WiFi signal in utero and in early lifeRadiat. Res., 179 (2013), pp. 707-716, 10.1667/RR2995.1View at publisher View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Ardoino et al., 2005L. Ardoino, V. Lopresto, S. Mancini, C. Marino, R. Pinto, G.A. LovisoloA radio-frequency system for in vivo pilot experiments aimed at the studies on biological effects of electromagnetic fieldsPhys. Med. Biol., 50 (2005), pp. 3643-3654View at publisher CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Belyaev, 2005I. BelyaevNon-thermal biological effects of microwavesMicrow. Rev., 11 (2005), pp. 13-29Google Scholar
Belyaev, 2015I. BelyaevBiophysical mechanisms for nonthermal microwave effectsM.S. Markov (Ed.), Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine, CRC Press, New York (2015), pp. 49-67View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Belyaev et al., 2016I. Belyaev, A. Dean, H. Eger, G. Hubmann, R. Jandrisovits, M. Kern, M. Kundi, H. Moshammer, P. Lercher, K. Müller, G. Oberfeld, P. Ohnsorge, P. Pelzmann, C. Scheingraber, R. ThillEUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnessesRev. Environ. Health (2016), 10.1515/reveh-2016-0011View at publisher Google Scholar
Bhargav et al., 2015H. Bhargav, T.M. Srinivasan, S. Varambally, B.N. Gangadhar, P. KokaEffect of mobile phone-induced electromagnetic field on brain hemodynamics and human stem cell functioning: Possible mechanistic link to cancer risk and early diagnostic value of electronphotonic imagingJ. Stem Cells, 10 (2015), pp. 287-294(doi: jsc.2015.10.4.287)Google Scholar
Çiğ and Nazıroğlu, 2015B. Çiğ, M. NazıroğluInvestigation of the effects of distance from sources on apoptosis, oxidative stress and cytosolic calcium accumulation via TRPV1 channels induced by mobile phones and Wi-Fi in breast cancer cellsBiochim. Biophys. Acta, 1848 (10 Pt B) (2015), pp. 2756-2765, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.02.013View PDFView articleGoogle Scholar
Creighton et al., 1987M.O. Creighton, L.E. Larsen, P.J. Stewart-DeHaan, J.H. Jacobi, M. Sanwal, J.C. Baskerville, H.E. Bassen, D.O. Brown, J.R. TrevithickIn vitro studies of microwave-induced cataract. II. Comparison of damage observed for continuous wave and pulsed microwavesExp. Eye Res., 45 (1987), pp. 357-373View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Czyz et al., 2004J. Czyz, K. Guan, Q. Zeng, T. Nikolova, A. Meister, F. Schönborn, J. Schuderer, N. Kuster, A.M. WobusHigh frequency electromagnetic fields (GSM signals) affect gene expression levels in tumor suppressor p53-deficient embryonic stem cellsBioelectromagnetics, 25 (2004), pp. 296-307, 10.1002/bem.10199View at publisher View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
De Carlo et al., 2012F. De Carlo, M. Ledda, D. Pozzi, P. Pierimarchi, M. Zonfrillo, L. Giuliani, E. D’Emilia, A. Foletti, R. Scorretti, S. Grimaldi, A. LisiNonionizing radiation as a noninvasive strategy in regenerative medicine: the effect of Ca(2+)-ICR on mouse skeletal muscle cell growth and differentiationTissue Eng. Part A, 18 (21–22) (2012), pp. 2248-2258, 10.1089/ten.TEA.2012.0113Epub 2012 Jul 23View at publisher View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Gaetani et al., 2009R. Gaetani, M. Ledda, L. Barile, I. Chimenti, F. De Carlo, E. Forte, V. Ionta, L. Giuliani, E. D’Emilia, G. Frati, F. Miraldi, D. Pozzi, E. Messina, S. Grimaldi, A. Giacomello, A. LisiDifferentiation of human adult cardiac stem cells exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fieldsCardiovasc. Res., 82 (3) (2009), pp. 411-420, 10.1093/cvr/cvp067Epub 2009 Feb 19 View at publisher This article is free to access.View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Gandhi and Kang, 2001O.P. Gandhi, G. KangCalculation of induced current densities for humans by magnetic fields from electronic article surveillance devicesPhys. Med. Biol., 46 (2001), pp. 2759-2771View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Grigor’ev, 1996Iu.G. Grigor’evRole of modulation in biological effects of electromagnetic radiationRadiat. Biol. Radioecol., 36 (1996), pp. 659-670View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Kirschvink, 1992J.L. KirschvinkComment on “constraints on biological effects of weak extremely-low-frequency electromagnetifc fields.”Phys. Rev. A, 46 (1992), pp. 2178-2183View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Lai, 1994H. LaiNeurological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiationJ.C. Lin (Ed.), Advances in Electromagnetic Fields in Living Systems, Vol. 1, Plenum Press, New York (1994), pp. 27-88 View at publisher This article is free to access.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laudisi et al., 2012F. Laudisi, M. Sambucci, F. Nasta, R. Pinto, R. Lodato, P. Altavista, G.A. Lovisolo, C. Marino, C. PioliPrenatal exposure to radiofrequencies: effects of WiFi signals on thymocyte development and peripheral T cell compartment in an animal modelBioelectromagnetics, 33 (2012), pp. 652-661, 10.1002/bem.21733View at publisher View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Levine et al., 2017H. Levine, N. Jorgensen, A. Martino-Andrade, J. Mendiola, D. Weksler-Derri, I. Mindlis, R. Pinotti, S.H. SwanTemporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-analysisHum. Reprod. Update (2017), 10.1093/humupd/dmx022 View at publisher This article is free to access.Google Scholar
Markovà et al., 2010E. Markovà, L.O. Malmgren, I.Y. BelyaevMicrowaves from mobile phones inhibit 53BP1 focus formation in human stem cells more strongly than in differentiated cells: possible mechanistic link to cancer riskEnviron. Health Perspect., 118 (2010), pp. 394-399, 10.1289/ehp.0900781View at publisher View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Monzani et al., 2015D. Monzani, E. Genovese, L.A. Pini, F. Di Berardino, M. Alicandri Ciufelli, G.M. Galeazzi, L. PresuttiNimodipine in otolaryngology: from past evidence to clinical perspectivesActa Otorhinolaryngol. Ital., 35 (2015), pp. 135-145View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Oni et al., 2011O.M. Oni, D.B. Amuda, C.E. GilbertEffects of radiofrequency radiation from WiFi devices on human ejaculated spermInt. J. Res. Rev. Appl. Sci., 9 (2011)(Article 13)Google Scholar
Osipov, 1965Yu.A. OsipovLabor Hygiene and the Effect of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on WorkersLeningrad Meditsina Publishing House (1965)(220 pp.)Google Scholar
Özorak et al., 2013A. Özorak, M. Nazıroğlu, Ö. Çelik, l.M. Yükse, D. Özçelik, M.O. Özkaya, H. Çetin, M.C. Kahya, S.A. KoseWi-Fi (2.45 GHz)- and mobile phone (900 and 1800 MHz)-induced risks on oxidative stress and elements in kidney and testis of rats during pregnancy and the development of offspringBiol. Trace Elem. Res., 156 (2013), pp. 221-229, 10.1007/s12011-013-9836-zView at publisher View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Pall, 2015aM.L. PallHow to approach the challenge of minimizing non-thermal health effects of microwave radiation from electrical devicesInt. J. Innov. Res Eng. Manag (IJIREM), 2 (5) (2015), pp. 71-76Google Scholar
Pall, 2015bM.L. PallScientific evidence contradicts findings and assumptions of Canadian Safety Panel 6: microwaves act through voltage-gated calcium channel activation to induce biological impacts at non-thermal levels, supporting a paradigm shift for microwave/lower frequency electromagnetic field actionRev. Environ. Health, 3 (2015), pp. 99-116, 10.1515/reveh-2015-0001View at publisher View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Pall, 2016aM.L. PallElectromagnetic fields act similarly in plants as in animals: Probable activation of calcium channels via their voltage sensorCurr. Chem. Biol., 10 (2016), pp. 74-82View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Pall, 2018M.L. PallHow cancer can be caused by microwave frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) exposures: EMF activation of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) can cause cancer including tumor promotion, tissue invasion and metastasis via 15 mechanismsM.S. Markov (Ed.), Mobile Communications and Public Health, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2018)(in press)Google Scholar
Pall and Levine, 2015M.L. Pall, S. LevineNrf2, a master regulator of detoxification and also antioxidant, anti- inflammatory and other cytoprotective mechanisms, is raised by health promoting factorsActa Physiol. Sin., 67 (2015), pp. 1-18View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Park et al., 2014H.K. Park, J.E. Lee, J.F. Lim, B.H. KangMitochondrial Hsp90s suppress calcium-mediated stress signals propagating from the mitochondria to the ER in cancer cells(Article Number: 148)Mol. Cancer, 13 (2014), 10.1186/1476-4598-13-148 View at publisher This article is free to access.Google Scholar
Pazur et al., 2006A. Pazur, V. Rassadina, J. Dandler, J. ZollerGrowth of etiolated barley plants in weak static and 50 Hz electromagnetic fields tuned to calcium ion cyclotron resonanceBiomagn. Res. Technol., 4 (2006), p. 1 View at publisher This article is free to access.CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Pollack and Healer, 1967Pollack, H., Healer, J., 1967. Review of Information on Hazards to Personnel from High-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation. Institute for Defense Analyses; Research and Engineering Support Division. IDA/HQ 67-6211, Series B, May 1967.Google Scholar
Poulletier de Gannes et al., 2012F. Poulletier de Gannes, E. Haro, A. Hurtier, M. Taxile, A. Athane, S. Ait-Aissa, H. Masuda, Y. Percherncie, G. Ruffié, B. Billaudel, P. Dufour, B. Veyret, I. LagroyeEffect of in utero wi-fi exposure on the pre- and postnatal development of ratsBirth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol., 95 (2012), pp. 130-136, 10.1002/bdrb.20346View at publisher View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Raines, 1981J.K. RainesElectromagnetic Field Interactions with the Human Body: Observed Effects and TheoriesNational Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, Maryland (1981)(116 p)Google Scholar
Sambucci et al., 2010M. Sambucci, F. Laudisi, F. Nasta, R. Pinto, R. Lodato, P. Altavista, G.A. Lovisolo, C. Marino, C. PioliPrenatal exposure to non-ionizing radiation: effects of WiFi signals on pregnancy outcome, peripheral B-cell compartment and antibody productionRadiat. Res., 174 (2010), pp. 732-740, 10.1667/RR2255.1View at publisher View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Sangün et al., 2016Ö. Sangün, B. Dündar, S. Çömlekçi, A. BüyükgebizThe effects of electromagnetic fields on the endocrine system in children and adolescentsPediatr. Endocrinol. Rev., 13 (2016), pp. 531-545Google Scholar
Sypniewska et al., 2010R.K. Sypniewska, N.J. Millenbaugh, J.L. Kiel, R.V. Blystone, H.N. Ringham, P.A. Mason, F.A. WitzmannProtein changes in macrophages induced by plasma from rats exposed to 35 GHz millimeter wavesBioelectromagnetics, 3 (2010), pp. 656-663(doi: 0.1002/bem.20598)View at publisher CrossRefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Tabor et al., 2014K.M. Tabor, S.A. Bergeron, E.J. Horstick, D.C. Jordan, V. Aho, T. Porkka-Heiskanen, G. Haspel, H.A. BurgessDirect activation of the Mauthner cell by electric field pulses drives ultrarapid escape responsesJ. Neurophysiol., 112 (2014), pp. 834-844, 10.1152/jn.00228.2014 View at publisher This article is free to access.View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Tolgskaya and Gordon, 1973M.S. Tolgskaya, Z.V. GordonPathological Effects of Radio Waves, Translated from Russian by B HaighConsultants Bureau, New York/London (1973)(146 pp)Google Scholar
Wu et al., 2009G.W. Wu, X.X. Liu, M.X. Wu, J.Y. Zhao, W.L. Chen, R.H. Lin, J.M. LinExperimental study of millimeter wave-induced differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytesInt. J. Mol. Med., 23 (2009), pp. 461-467View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Xu et al., 2016F. Xu, Q. Bai, K. Zhou, L. Ma, J. Duan, F. Zhuang, C. Xie, W. Li, P. Zou, C. ZhuAge-dependent acute interference with stem and progenitor cell proliferation in the hipp.ocampus after exposure to 1800 MHz electromagnetic radiationElectromagn. Biol. Med., 3 (2016), pp. 1-9, 10.1080/15368378.2016View at publisher Google Scholar
Yakymenko et al., 1999I.L. Yakymenko, E.P. Sidorik, A.S. TsybulinMetabolic changes in cells under electromagnetic radiation of mobile communication systemsUkr. Biokhim Zh. (1999) (1999), pp. 20-28(2011 Mar-Apr)Google Scholar
Yakymenko and Sidorik, 2010I. Yakymenko, E. SidorikRisks of carcinogenesis from electromagnetic radiation and mobile telephony devicesExp. Oncol., 32 (2010), pp. 729-736Google Scholar
Yakymenko et al., 2011I. Yakymenko, E. Sidorik, S. Kyrylenko, V. ChekhunLong-term exposure to microwave radiation provokes cancer growth: evidences from radars and mobile communication systemsExp. Oncol., 33 (2011), pp. 62-70View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Yüksel et al., 2016M. Yüksel, M. Nazıroğlu, M.O. ÖzkayaLong-term exposure to electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones and Wi-Fi devices decreases plasma prolactin, progesterone, and estrogen levels but increases uterine oxidative stress in pregnant rats and their offspringEndocrine, 52 (2016), pp. 352-362, 10.1007/s12020-015-0795-3View at publisher View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
Just look at the comments, this is one of thousands making the same observations throughout The Daily Mail. The world woke up, you cannot normalise the totally abnormal or gaslight your way out of this.
pilotfish
Birmingham, United Kingdom19 April, 2024
“Professional athletes in their prime don’t collapse and die every week as is happening now. The cause is obvious.”
Nottingham, United Kingdom19 April, 2024
Waiting for the gaslighting gang to show up. You all know the script off by heart by now: “This is totally normal. Nothing to see here. This has been happening frequently forever. Etcetera, etcetera, etcetera”
There are so many articles in this newspaper like this one in the last two years. Is it time to rise up?
“Poppett99
Stansfield, United Kingdom19 April, 2024
Read up on what Dr Peter McCullough, cardiologist says on young people and why they are having heart issues post jabbing.Reply
233
21Share
CBCynical BettyMiddle of Nowhere, Mongolia19 April, 2024Dr Peter McCullough is a very eminent US cardiologist, and credible. But so is Dr Aseem Malhotra, a UK cardiologist, also previously very highly regarded in his country – until he started telling the truth about the jabs, after observing the strange death of his father. There are cardiologists and oncologists everywhere who are trying to speak out, but they’re not allowed to, or are totally censored. Any good reason for that? If we are to “believe in the Science”, why on earth would governments not be listening to eminent doctors who have been sounding the alarm for years about these fake “vaccines”? Geert vanden Bossche (Belgium) and Sucharit Bhakdi are another two eminent experts who have been trying to warn people, but have been denigrated, “cancelled” and censored (and even taken to court!). What exactly have they been injecting into people? Any ideas?Reply124!
Poppett99
Stansfield, United Kingdom19 April, 2024
Oh, another one. Read up on what Dr Peter McCullough, cardiologist says on young people and why they are having heart issues post jabbing.Reply
233
21Share
CBCynical BettyMiddle of Nowhere, Mongolia19 April, 2024Dr Peter McCullough is a very eminent US cardiologist, and credible. But so is Dr Aseem Malhotra, a UK cardiologist, also previously very highly regarded in his country – until he started telling the truth about the jabs, after observing the strange death of his father. There are cardiologists and oncologists everywhere who are trying to speak out, but they’re not allowed to, or are totally censored. Any good reason for that? If we are to “believe in the Science”, why on earth would governments not be listening to eminent doctors who have been sounding the alarm for years about these fake “vaccines”? Geert vanden Bossche (Belgium) and Sucharit Bhakdi are another two eminent experts who have been trying to warn people, but have been denigrated, “cancelled” and censored (and even taken to court!). What exactly have they been injecting into people? Any ideas?Reply124
david 54 Herts
london, United Kingdom19 April, 2024
The fact that these endless “Sudden” deaths are in plain sight,and doctors are still “Baffled” doesn’t alarm anyone?.This is without the cancer figures in Australia,NZ,and Japan,which are horrific.Still,let’s just pretend it’s not happening…”
10 hours ago — It has been linked to 81 deaths in the UK as well as hundreds of serious injuries. The jab, developed with Oxford University, can no longer be …
Comments from the Daily Mail:
“All you need to know, to know the Official Truth, is to look up EU Regulation 2020/1043. Read it carefully, so you will have some idea of what you let yourselves get injected with, and how your leaders and media personalities tricked you. And note how the companies were not even required to conduct an environmental risk assessment and were let off the hook for any future damage. These wicked people, far from saving lives and saving the Earth, are actually KILLING people and destroying the earth and everything on it. What will happen now, with all that brand-new GM nanotechnology getting into our water, the air – everywhere? Totally alien to nature and to human bodies. Can you imagine?? It really is unimaginably horrific. And all for a glorified form of the flu.”
“Let’s not forget there were processes in place that would have prevented so many deaths if it had not been circumvented under emergency licensing. Every single government and minister involved should be held accountable too.”
“Never forget and never forgive those in the political, medical, civil service, and media (very, very much including this outlet) establishments who pushed this and the other Covid “vaccines” onto the public – via threats of punishment, othering, coercion, and loss of rights and freedoms – when they 100% KNEW there wasn’t, and still isn’t, ANY long term data re serious side effects. Once the public at large finally realise they are looking at the biggest medical scandal in history, one can only hope the levels of anger and outrage here and across the world see many of those directly involved in facilitating the death and destruction all these “safe and effective” experimental jabs caused end up spending the rest of their lives behind bars.”
“The thing is, people just don’t seem to be getting angry, as they should be. I believe the jabs actually “lobotomised” people. They apparently contain electromagnetic nanotechnology (including graphene oxide) which is quite capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and affecting the human brain. People should be listening to the right scientists (the censored ones). It appears that the evil scientists, billionaires and politicians are trying to connect us all to one big neural network. Have you heard of the “Internet of Things”. Now they’re trying to create the “Internet of Bodies”. So that the State can read your mind and change your thoughts and emotions. Without our consent. Now THAT’S something to really be getting furious about. I guess this comment will be censored”
“The only time in history that science or as this was to be called ‘the science’ could not be debated, argued or reasoned with as is the case with every other subject ever studied by scientists (that’s what science is). And still the sleeves got rolled up!”
“I’d be more concerned about the MRNA vaccines. That technology was still being trialled in 2018 at the animal testing stage. We all knew at the time though that vaccines can take years to develop and even then have side effects. Too many people got eager to get it on the promise they could go on holiday if they did.”
“Ha ha laughable! They ‘felt’ they had to use them?? so they just forced people into taking them? Are you for real? Politicians knew exactly what they were doing. Covid vaccine was patented before the official outbreak!! There was no proof it stopped the transmissions or prevented death so why would they buy in bulk ?? because they were offered millions!! Have you forgotten Matt Hancock and his dodgy deals?”
21 hours ago — TTS has been associated with at least 81 deaths in the UK, along with numerous serious injuries. AstraZeneca faces lawsuits from over 50 …
“Y a-t-il des parallèles à tirer ou des leçons à tirer de l’expérience Covid-19 dans laquelle la population mondiale a été intégrée ? [Comme l’a dit Barack Obama en avril 2022, “nous avons maintenant, essentiellement, testé cliniquement le vaccin sur des milliards de personnes dans le monde”[38] – les “vaccins” étant encore en phase d’essais cliniques jusqu’en 2023 alors qu’ils ont été déployés en 2021. Par ailleurs, est-ce une coïncidence que l’expérience Covid-19 ait été coordonnée par les agences de sécurité nationale, et non par les agences de santé, dans au moins deux nations ostensiblement démocratiques et prétendument sous régime civil – les États-Unis et l’Australie ? (Nous examinerons cette question plus en détail dans la partie 3).”
Excerpt from link below:
“Are there any parallels to be drawn, or lessons learned, from the Covid-19 experiment into which the world’s population has been integrated? [36, 37] As Barack Obama put it in April 2022, “we’ve now, essentially, clinically tested the vaccine on billions of people worldwide”[38] — the “vaccines” still being in clinical trials until 2023 when they were rolled out in 2021. Furthermore, is it a coincidence that the Covid-19 experiment was co-ordinated by National Security agencies, as opposed to health agencies, in at least two ostensibly democratic nations purportedly under civilian rule — the United States and Australia? (We examine this question more closely in Part 3.)”
“Transhumanist Futures, Part 2: Humanity in the Crosshairs
Abstract: The Transhumanist campaign against humanity, we have outlined in Part 1, is part and parcel of a sophisticated long-game strategy waged against bodies and psyches. With the manipulation of our primal fears and altruistic impulses, the prosecution of this technological onslaught against humanity is camouflaged by linguistic shell games based on sanitising, eulogising and euphemistic language; justification through appeal to valued collective activities such as space exploration; and by claimed threats that humanity is itself the scourge, including through its propensity for “unwanted” love, which is recast as an affliction needing treatment with biochips and neuroceuticals. In this perverse “New Normal”, technocratic regimes of dispossession headed by transnational economic interests and, we argue, the military-intelligence complex, are presented as self-evident and morally justified. Social order, civil rights, and human sovereignty are reconceptualised, repackaged, and reframed in public discourse as “surveillance under the skin”. Part 2 broadens scope beyond NASA and its purportedly space-oriented transhumanist agenda by offering analysis of transhumanist forecasting and planning in an array of military-intelligence strategic vision or ‘futures’ documents, which are focussed both on military personnel and civilian populations. We reveal that this evidence not only casts military personnel as fodder for transhumanist experimentation, but foresees societies and leadership agendas stratified along transhumanist lines. The trail of documentation ultimately leads to an intersection with military-intelligence scenario planning for a pandemic-ravaged dystopian global landscape in the year 2020, with real and present implications for impending global governance under the World Health Organisation, with ratification of amendments to International Health Regulations and a new Pandemic Preparedness treaty pending in May 2024.
Introduction
Too often do we marvel at the power of the institutions we have constructed over time, and too often do we take for granted that ministers of state power have a genuine interest in attending to the needs of the citizenry who give consent to their rule. But how, in these times of systematic societal destruction, can we understand the ways in which a “New Normal” is being built before our eyes in the biological systems that comprise families, communities, and nations? How is the great transformation unfolding in real-time? Can the material evidence of fundamental change be discerned through the obscurity of official planning, policies and papers already published?
A Brave New Millennium: Nanotechnology, Policy, and the Building Blocks of ‘Life’
In September 2000, almost a year before NASA Langley’s August 2001 ‘futures’ presentation[1] to the National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA) described in Part 1, another ‘futures’ workshop took place a short drive along the Potomac River from Langley, at the National Science Foundation (NSF) headquarters in Alexandria Virginia. The workshop was titled ‘Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology’. It was organised by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), a cabinet-level council of advisers to the President,[2] which provides “the principal means for the U.S. President to coordinate science, space and technology policies across the Federal Government”.[3]
In hindsight, one can see how the little-known September 2000 NSTC workshop now stands on the science and technology policy landscape as an unassuming launchpad for what NASA Langley would term, in the following year, the BioNano Age. It was held two months after the US Government’s National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) was announced in July 2000,[4] whose aim was to accelerate progress in nanotechnology research, and was sponsored by the same Federal NSTC body that co-ordinated the NNI.[5] Shortly prior to the 2000 NSTC workshop, according to the workshop summary, “a White House letter (from the Office of Science and Technology Policy and Office of Management and Budget) sent in the fall of 2000 to all Federal agencies has placed nanotechnology at the top of the list of emerging fields of research and development in the United States”.[6]
In tandem with the nano-technological movement in the White House, the 2000 NSTC workshop spawned a modestly-worded 280-page report in 2001, which advised that “a revolution is occurring in science and technology, based on the recently developed ability to measure, manipulate and organize matter on the nanoscale — 1 to 100 billionths of a meter”. The report predicted that, “over the next 10 to 20 years [2010-2020], nanotechnology will fundamentally transform science, technology, and society”. It added, “there is little doubt that the broader implications of this nanoscience and nanotechnology revolution for society at large will be profound”.[7]
The status of such nanotechnology policies is significant to transhumanism’s trajectory in that nano-technological materials and tools are critical to the transhumanist project of re-engineering biological life. According to a 2010 report from the Air War College titled Nanotechnology: Threats and Deterrent Opportunities by 2035, “the ability to work in nanoscale is … leading to unprecedented understanding and control over the basic building blocks of all natural and man-made things”.[8] It goes without saying that one could not get more elemental than controlling the basic building blocks of all natural and man-made things. Nanotechnology, the report explains, “is about much more than dealing with the very small”. It quotes Mihail C. Roco, Senior Advisor for Science and Engineering at the NSF, as saying that nanotechnology represents the convergence of science and engineering “where the fundamental principles of life can be found.”[9]
In an applied sense, according to the 2001 Roco and Bainbridge NTSC workshop report:
… the nanoscale is not just another step toward miniaturization, but a qualitatively new scale; … among the envisioned breakthroughs are human organ restoration using engineered tissue, ‘designer’ materials created from directed assembly of atoms and molecules, as well as emergence of entirely new phenomena in chemistry and physics.[10]
Those entirely new phenomena, The Air Force Research Laboratory explains in Nanoscience Technologies: Applications, Transitions and Innovations, arise because nano-sized materials are smaller than the scales at which conventional physics apply and larger than those where atomic physics dominate.[11] This intermediate state between conventional and atomic physics results in oddities such as “forc[ing] electrons into unique energy states”, which in turn promote features including altered magnetic properties, “improved superconductivity” and exceptional strength.[12]
Among the potential applications of such nanotechnological oddities offered in the NTSC report are “wired humans”. The report foresees a day when, with the help of nanoscience, “nanoscanners” will project imagery directly onto the fovea (a small depression in the neurosensory retina where visual acuity is sharpest), while microphone implants in the throat, and implants in the inner ear, could be coupled with implantable transmitting and receiving devices. Should such developments come to pass, “then a human will be wired fully — not only internally but also externally to the vast network outside of the body.”[13]
In its capacity advising the US President, to facilitate the advancement of wired humans and other innovations, the NTSC report offers recommendations for social scientists and policymakers to “help us to take advantage of the new technology sooner, better, and with greater confidence.”[14] What ensued from this point forth is perhaps among the most significant, and the most under-reported, series of developments in national security affairs.
The following year a second workshop was held, titled, Nano Bio Info Cogno: Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance.[15] The 2001 workshop spawned a second report, edited by the same authors as the previous year’s NTSC workshop summary, Mihail C. Roco and William S. Bainbridge of the NSF. The second report, published in 2002, ran to 424 pages and launched what is now known as the NBIC initiative, an influential, international interdisciplinary convergence of activity across Nanoscience, Biotechnology, Information technology and Cognitive science / neuroscience (NBIC) domains. An introductory graphic to the report heralds the nascent NBIC convergence as “changing the societal ‘fabric’ towards a new structure”.[16] The seemingly innocuous description of ‘change’ to the structural ‘fabric’ of society may have passed to readers, at the time, as unworthy of deeper contemplation, but digging into the details of the international ‘interdisciplinary’ ‘convergence’ of nano-everything yields surprising results about what ‘change’ would actually entail.
Although not obvious in the NBIC report itself, a later NATO document made clear that the NBIC initiative had come about with DoD backing. The 2021 NATO report reads, “NBIC is a scientific project bringing together four previously distinct domains: nanotechnology (nanorobot technology, nano-sensors, nanostructures, energy, etc.), biotechnology (bio-genomic technology, bio-engineering, neuropharmacology, etc.), information technology (computer science, microelectronics, etc.) and cognitive technology (cognitive science and neuropsychology). The project was formalized with the encouragement of the US Department of Defense (DoD) in 2002 and subsequently taken up by major international institutions and a number of nations, to bring together future technologies”.[17]
Indeed, concurrently with the NBIC project, just as the White House had entered the 21st century with a focus on nanotechnology and a new National Nanotechnology Initiative, the DoD entered with a compatible Defense Science and Technology Strategy 2000, published in May of 2000. The Defense science and technology strategy declares that in order to “provide for national security in the 21st century”,[18] the DoD would need to be “building our portfolio of technology investments … leveraging the technology explosion, and enabling the Revolution in Military Affairs”.[19] Technologies of interest to the DoD are listed as including nanoscience, micro- and nano-robots, molecular engineering, augmented reality, nanoscale sensors, and biosensors with smart sensor webs, all together enabling “the combination of biology with information technology, electronics, optoelectronics, sensors, and actuators”.[20] In other words, the same BioNano technologies underpinning NASA Langley’s BioNANO Age, slated to commence in 2020, as discussed in Part 1. The subsequent DoD-backed NBIC initiative of 2002 cites the 2000 DoD Science and Technology Strategy report, offering “embedded bionic chips” in soldiers as an example of the revolutionary technologies emanating from the national security realm.[21]
Simply put, the DoD, NTSC and NASA Langley in 2000-2001, and NATO in 2021 (along with a cornucopia of military-intelligence projects and documents in between — a small selection of which we summarise below) have been singing from the same transhumanist DoD BioNano hymnsheet since at least the turn of the century.
The 2021 NATO report continues: “The object [of NBIC] is to encourage the development of tools and adapt or improve humans through an anthropotechnical approach to develop a hybridized human-system … Today, this project has led to the partial convergence of domains, mostly through pairing information technology and health nanotechnologies, new chemical cognition enhancers, embedded electronics, etc. Ultimately, it will lead to an augmented human operator (or even a hybrid one), injected with amplifying substances or nanotechnologies [emphasis added]”.[22] That is, it will lead to transhumans. With the help of hypodermic needles.
By way of illustration, the NATO document notes, “a number of enhanced soldier projects are already underway”.[23]
Cyborg Soldiers: Transhumanist Designs on the Military
As regards abbreviations, GI may be one of the most enigmatic. Originally, it referred to galvanized iron, which was used in the manufacture of, among other things, buckets for military use. With the rise of the permanent international arms industry, the abbreviation has assumed additional meanings: “government issue”, “general issue”, and “ground infantry”. The collocations of each meaning are interesting: the concept of infantry is derived from the French ‘infant’ whose mind represents fertile ‘ground’ for effective conditioning. Is this why ‘bucketheads’ who’ve been effectively conditioned like babes have long been sent out first as cannon fodder into conflicts in efforts to acquire ground in battle? The answer to this question may tell us something about the mindless cyborg on assembly lines around the world.
With a brave new nanotechnological millennium in mind, a simple browse through titles of relevant military-intelligence documents provides a brief overview of ways in which the bodies and brains of GIs and other military personnel have been positioned at the frontlines of battle plans between transhumans and humanity. Consider the following:
Neural and Biological Soldier Enhancement-From SciFi to Deployment (2009):[24] Published by NATO and prepared by the Fraunhofer Institute for Technological Trend Analysis, a long-time partner to the Federal German Ministry of Defense. The report echoes the US DoD’s 2000 proclamation of a technology-driven ‘Revolution in Military Affairs’ (RMA) for the 21st century,[25] and discusses the role of human augmentation, brain-machine interfaces and genetic engineering.
Cognition 2035: Surviving a complex environment through unprecedented intelligence (2009):[26] A research paper for the US Air War College, the document similarly projects that, “by 2035, advances in nano-scale, biological, and information technologies will drive cognition toward unprecedented capabilities in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Enhanced Human Intelligence (EHI). These capabilities will have a dramatic effect on all levels of the Air Force”. The paper cites brain computer interfaces and neural prostheses, noting, “there may, also, come a time where adoption of these technologies is compulsory … military service may require certain computer-brain augmentations for its members … Coercive forces will drive extensive ethical and cultural debate”.[27]
Was compulsory adoption of bio-nano technologies involving synthetic RNA in 2020, ostensibly to ‘augment’ the human immune system, an opening gambit in the deployment of such coercive technological ‘enhancement’?
Biologically fit: Using Biotechnology to Create a Better Soldier (2013):[28] A thesis from the Naval Postgraduate School, the document discusses genetic engineering to create a better solider, and argues that the DoD must overcome the natural genetic limitations of unadulterated service members, in the interests of creating a soldier with greater strength, speed, endurance, and resistance to enemy tactics. The paper proposes that, “the natural limitations of the human genome confines a soldier’s war fighting capabilities” to the extent that, “the soldier is the weakest link due to its natural genetic limitations”. (Note the dehumanising and gender-neutral reference to the human soldier as “it”). In a similar vein, the paper observes, “leaders are realizing more the importance of the soldier as an integral weapon system” [italics added].[29] Accordingly, the document summarises the DoD’s interest and investment in DNA research and genetic engineering. At the time — a decade ago — it was noted that “the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and other research organizations grow closer to ground breaking innovations that could have a major impact on the institutional practices of the DoD … DARPA is underway in their attempts to develop tools to enable genetic engineering that may one day enable the DoD’s ability to create a biological (sic) fit soldier”. By way of example, the paper cites a DARPA project involving artificial chromosomes: “By soliciting the help of private biotech corporations, DARPA aims to improve their methods to implant human artificial chromosomes (HACs) into mammalian cells as highlighted in a document on the DoD’s Small Business Innovation and Research page”.[30]
As much as the content of such documents is striking, with their cavalier recasting of human beings as weapons and instruments of war, whose utility is defined and designed by the military, the sheer number of like documents, along with the fact that they have been publically available for decades, is perhaps even more remarkable.
The list continues.
Cyborg Soldier 2050: Human/Machine Fusion and the Implications for the Future of the DOD (2019):[31] Performing Organizations – Director, US Army Combat Capabilities Command Chemical Biological Center; Naval Research Laboratory; National Defense University; U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command; Georgetown University, and; the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering. Sponsoring Orgnization – the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering. The report outlines four domains of cyborg technology and notes that an upcoming two way data transfer between brains and machines and/or brains and electronics will create a “revolutionary advancement in future military capabilities”. Specifically:
This technology is predicted to facilitate read/write capability between humans and machines and between humans through brain-to-brain interactions. These interactions would allow warfighters direct communication with unmanned and autonomous systems, as well as with other humans, to optimize command and control systems and operations. The potential for direct data exchange between human neural networks and microelectronic systems could revolutionize tactical warfighter communications, speed the transfer of knowledge throughout the chain of command, and ultimately dispel the ‘fog’ of war. Direct neural enhancement of the human brain through neuro-silica interfaces could improve target acquisition and engagement and accelerate defensive and offensive systems.[32]
To be clear, this document reflects the fact that the office of the third highest ranking US DoD official (The Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering), second only to the Director and Deputy Director,[33] is presently focussed on turning military personnel into cyborgs. The plainly transhumanist nature of this reality, at such a high level of command, belies the common misperception that transhumanism is a quirky affectation of fringe-dwelling intellectuals, a figment of over-active imaginations, and/or an indulgence of elites with their heads in the clouds.
The report goes on: “The U.S. Government should support efforts to establish a whole-of-nation approach to human/machine enhancement technologies”, involving the commercial sector as well as government, with the rationale that, “a national effort to sustain U.S. dominance in cyborg technologies is in the best interests of the DOD and the nation”.[34]
And yet, despite advocating a whole of nation effort to achieve US dominance in cyborg technologies, the report acknowledges that, “how the use of integrated technologies will affect existing brain architectures and functions is not yet known and arguably, can only be known by implementing the particular interventions”.[35] In other words, through human experimentation.
Are there any parallels to be drawn, or lessons learned, from the Covid-19 experiment into which the world’s population has been integrated? [36, 37] As Barack Obama put it in April 2022, “we’ve now, essentially, clinically tested the vaccine on billions of people worldwide”[38] — the “vaccines” still being in clinical trials until 2023 when they were rolled out in 2021. Furthermore, is it a coincidence that the Covid-19 experiment was co-ordinated by National Security agencies, as opposed to health agencies, in at least two ostensibly democratic nations purportedly under civilian rule — the United States and Australia? (We examine this question more closely in Part 3.)
Human Automation Integration for Supervisory Control of UAVs (Uninhabited Air Vehicles) (2006):[39] Published by NATO and prepared by the Defense Science and Technology Laboratory of the UK Ministry of Defense (MoD), the report describes approaches to “remote supervision of operations involving use of lethal force”. The technological tools include what it describes as advanced human-computer interfaces and multi-modal virtual media immersive synthetic environments.[40] That is, remote killing using ‘enhanced’ virtual reality.
Ideas Lab for Imagining Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Cognition in the USAF of 2030 (2019):[41] Sponsored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the paper is the final report of a year-long project to explore the mid-term (10+ years) future of Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Cognition (AI) in the context of the future USAF [US Air Force]. With an entire section on “Human Machine Fusion”, the report cites examples including a warfighter with micro- or nano-electronic implants allowing them to see a wider range of the electromagnetic spectrum,[42] to physiologically withstand extreme environments,[43, 44] or to control a plane as though it were an extension of his or her body through a brain-computer interface.[45] Such augmentations would form part of what the report calls a “human-machine matrix”, encompassing different levels of human-machine interaction, from simple human use of “smart” machines, to “tighter integration of humans with machines, where human-machine coupling creates an entirely new form of warfighter (e.g., something exemplified by the ‘cyborg’ concept)”.[46] The report observes of its contributors, who hail from academia, the NIH and military contractors including Raytheon, Northrop Grumman and Lockheed Martin, “there was agreement that research on human-machine integration should consider a broad perspective on techniques to integrate machines with the full range of human bodily systems including the peripheral and central nervous system,[47-49] the musculoskeletal system,[50-52] the endocrine system,[53, 54] the viscera, the vascular system,[55] immunological processes and even patterns of gene expression”.[56, 57] Such transhumanist developments the report deemed necessary to achieve “success for the USAF in the 2030 military context”.[58] In other words, if the US Air Force and private military contractors have their way, military-grade transhumanism will leave no stone of human biology unturned.
Opportunities and Implications of Brain Computer Interface Technology (2020): Air University Press, Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. The paper is part of a series of US Air Force publications that “aim to present cutting-edge, actionable knowledge — research” according to a foreword by a USAF Commandant Brigadier General.[59] It outlines the R&D status of emerging technologies designed to achieve “bidirectional communication between a brain and a computer” in order “to meet challenging national security objectives for the next 20 years”, “enhance combat capability”, and “ensure that the DOD maintains its war-fighting advantage”. The Brain Computer Interface technologies of interest included genetic modification of brain cells, utilising optical as well as electrical signals for Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs), and employing nonsurgical, including injectable, means of recording and controlling activity at “the basic working unit of the brain, the neuron”.[60]
It is worth recalling here that Dennis Bushnell, the NASA Langley Chief Scientist, told national security industry partners in 2001 that the fruits of classified R&D often remain “in inventory” for over 40 years.[61] Which raises the question as to how long injectable means of recording and controlling neuronal activity have been available to the military-intelligence establishment. Given Bushnell’s 2011 remark that brain chips had already been inserted into 10,000 people[62], the question seems a reasonable one. Which in turn raises the question of what Elon Musk’s public spectacle over surgically implanting a brain chip into just one person by 2024 is really all about.
Looking towards a 2040 timeframe, the Air Force paper notes that technologies such as genetically and optically-mediated injectable BCIs are part of an “exponentially growing” and “potentially disruptive” field.[63] Consistent with the foundational DoD-backed NBIC report published 18 years earlier, which launched an international “convergence” of interdisciplinary Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno R&D,[64] the 2020 paper explains that the BCI technologies it describes are the product of interdisciplinary collaboration between neurologists, biologists, engineers, geneticists, psychologists, computer scientists, and mathematicians. It adds that the “DoD has increased its investment and reorganized its efforts to lead in this [interdisciplinary BCI] field”.[65]
The report explains that the BCI technology of such interest to the DoD involves “a bidirectional communication pathway between the brain and an external device, designed to acquire, analyze, and translate brain signals for a specific action. The brain typically works by sending a signal to peripheral nerves and muscles to induce movement of a limb or to conduct a certain action. BCIs provide a new output channel for the brain to communicate with and ultimately control an external device. The external device could be an artificial limb, a simulated aircraft in flight, or anything that can be interfaced with a computer. BCI is also synonymous with brain-machine interface, neural-controlled interface, mind-machine interface, and direct neural interface, all of which are in other research”.[66]
The report, written in 2020, advises to expect within the next five to 20+ years technologies such as those under development by DARPA, including devices to “read and write memories directly into the brain” (the DARPA RAM/RAM-Replay, ‘Neuro-FAST’ initiative), implantable microchips, and DARPA’s Next Generation Nonsurgical Neurotechnology N3 program,[67] which includes a ‘platform’ enabling the brain to transmit or receive magneto-electric signals via transducers injected into the body.[68]
Lest any skeptics feel inclined at this point to mutter ‘conspiracy theorist’, ‘disinformation’, ‘Anti-vaxxer’ or ‘crackpot nonsense’, we note that the majority of the documents listed above, and the majority of primary source materials cited throughout this article series, have been formally authenticated and disseminated through the National Technical Information Service and/or the DoD Washington Headquarters Services Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, or through the DoD Executive Services Directorate.
The 2020 Air Force BCI paper concluded:
BCI and related technology are pushing humanity closer to the philosophy of Transhumanism, which seeks to enhance human intellect and physiology through the use of technology. This philosophy may lead to a new definition of what it means to be human ….
Within the military realm, the USAF and DOD should be the first to set the standards for the acceptable use of this technology and then apply those standards through international agreements. This will only be accomplished if we lead in the development and testing of BCIs ….
In order to seize these opportunities, the USAF needs to act now on currently available technologies to foster a culture of increased experimentation and calculated risk-taking”.[69]
As luck would have it for transhumanism, increased experimentation and risk-taking had already been written, three years earlier, into the very foundations of the office of the Under Secretary for Research and Engineering. When that role was created as part of the National Defense Authorization Act of 2017, a conference report accompanying the Act read: “The conferees expect that the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering would take risks, press the technology envelope, test and experiment, and have the latitude to fail, as appropriate.”[70] Two years later, in 2019, a paper sponsored by the DoD Under Secretary’s office was advocating for the United States to pursue dominance in cyborg technologies, including through trial and error with military personnel.[71]
Does calling for human lab-rats in cyborg experimentation fulfil some aspect of the US DoD recruitment process? We wonder.
In sum, each of these transhumanist soldier ‘enhancement’ papers, which represent but a selection of similar documents, are consistent with the 2001 NASA Langley proposition that human beings are too “large”, “heavy”, “tender”, and “slow” for warfare, particularly compared to robots, which, NASA Langley points out, possess “greatly improved lethality”.[72] The foundational 2000 DoD document on a 21st century technological Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) likewise opened by proclaiming, “the technologies that will make our forces lighter, more mobile, and more lethal will be key”.[73] However, whether re-engineering human beings to match robots in their lethality constitutes ‘enhancement’ is not a subject of serious debate in these and other military-intelligence strategic vision and ‘futures’ literatures. Like the forward march into a world that revolves around technological capability rather than human welfare, lethality as ‘enhancement’ is simply accepted as unquestionable, and taken as a given.
But what of transhumanist designs on the civilian sector? Armies will be armies and astronauts will be astronauts. Super soldiers for combat and extremophiles for space, as described in Part 1, are one thing. But do the DoD and its agencies concern themselves with artificially engineering civilian populations?
Cyborg Civilians: Deep State Designs on Global Citizens
When NASA Langley opened its talk to the national security conference in 2001 with, “The ‘Bots ‘Borgs ‘& Humans Welcome you to 2025 AD”,[74] audience members could have been forgiven for thinking that the sole aim of the playful title was to garner laughs. A spoonful of humour helps the dystopia go down, etc.
But could the same be said of publications from the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI)? Together with the US Army War College Center for Strategic Leadership (CSL)? And the National Intelligence University (NIU)? If those three organisations had jointly sponsored a 104-page monograph on the subject of bots, borgs and humans in the years to 2030, could that level of military intelligence co-ordination be considered a joke? If the monograph had been commissioned as part of an ongoing series on “new and emerging ‘futures’ concepts”, with the “overarching goal” of “assist[ing] strategic and high-operational level decision makers” in their “critical analysis of national, military and intelligence issues within the Joint, Interagency, Intergovernmental, and Multinational (JIIM) environment”, should that be dismissed as a little bit of banter?[75]
As reality would have it, in 2008 just such a document was published, as part of an ODNI think-tank initiative called Proteus. The Proteus consortium, like the DoD-backed NBIC initiative and the White House National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), dated to the turn of the millennium.
By 2008, Proteus had grown into an international consortium involving an alphabet soup of agencies under the aegis of the ODNI, including the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency (IARPA), the National Security Agency (NSA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the US Joint Forces Command (USJFC), the US Marine Corps (USMC), the US Navy and others, along with numerous universities, international bodies such as Canadian, Israeli, British, Australian, Italian, French and Swiss military-intelligence bodies and institutions, the UN, and private corporations including Lockheed Martin. In 2008, the consortium published a monograph titled, Leadership in the Era of the Human Singularity: New Demands, New Skills, New Response.[76] **The monograph opened by noting:
The “human singularity” refers to the integration of technology into the human body so that levels of mental acuity and physical ability eclipse all previous known levels … A broad front of converging core technologies, such as nanotechnology, bioengineering, supercomputing, materials development, and robotics, may make such individuals commonplace by 2030; indeed, significant steps have already been taken to achieve this goal, and the singularity could arrive earlier.
The rise of the singularity and the resulting Enhanced Singular Individuals (henceforth referred to as ‘ESIs’), capable of outsized mental and physical performance, will have a major impact on the practice of leadership, a major factor in determining whether a society succeeds or fails … In fact, the singularity will override the parameters that traditionally define human performance, changing society in complex and subtle ways.
With the singularity [for instance], humanity will be heading into uncharted territory whose highly-talented denizens raise the specter that human beings will be rendered obsolete”. Similarly, “the singularity will change our ideas of humanness”.[77]
The careful and calculated modification of our self-perception as autonomous creatures in recent years is hardly surprising when seen in hindsight as part of the inexorable march toward full human automation. The paper stresses that in future decades “enhanced” individuals “will represent a growing portion of the population, not simply a small fraction … [which] will transform society”.[78] Building upon this projection, the bulk of the monograph concerns itself with the direction that such societal transformation is expected to take. Throughout, in order to assist ‘strategic and high-operational level decision makers’ in ‘the Joint, Interagency, Intergovernmental, and Multinational environment’, discussion revolves around leadership challenges associated with the anticipated emergence of three strata of ‘beings’: The ‘Tweaked’, the ‘Freaked’, and the ‘Geeked’ classes. The monograph explains:
The Tweaked’s abilities result from the integration of singularity technologies with individuals’ biological systems … [These individuals] represent the mainstream of ESIs, those who benefit from that broad front of technologies applied in as many ways as scientists can devise.
The Freaked are new creations: cyborgs or humans with significant mechanized parts; A.I.-guided robots, clones designed for single functions or operations, group minds operating through an open source mental system via embedded quantum- or protein-based chips, robots with animal or human brains, and even animals with human intelligence or humans with animal traits … As fantastic as these possibilities seem, all are based on technologies that are well along in development or are in the prototype stage.
The Geeked are un-enhanced individuals (henceforth referred to as ‘Norms’) who depend on external devices to achieve competitive advantage: access to super-computing; control of virtual worlds leveraged into ‘real-world’ advantage; and gatekeepers who exercise control over energy, resources, and the technologies of crowd control and manipulation. The Geeked, of course, are already among us in the high tech industry”.[79]
The document, published under the banner of the Proteus consortium, which involves ~30 military / intelligence bodies across 11 nations in conjunction with numerous universities, written in 2008, stresses that:
The singularity is not simply a conceit devised by scientists, inventors, and futurists unduly entranced with technology. It is, rather, supported by a continuous stream of scientific advances that already can extend human life, establish interfaces between biological and synthetic systems, improve brain function, integrate robotic elements into the human body, build implants that offer ‘superhuman’ sight or hearing, clone individuals, create species hybrids (usually one trait from one species grafted to another) via gene-grafting, and develop ways to translate a person’s neuronal activity into their actual thoughts, among a host of other innovations.[80]
To anchor the point in concrete R&D, consistent with the foundational NBIC paper[81] and countless related documents distributed by the the DoD Washington Headquarters Services Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, the monograph adds, “the accelerating development of a few key technologies — nanotechnology, super-computing, genetic engineering, and robotics — is propelling the singularity”.[82]
In terms of leadership challenges posed by the coming Tweaked, Freaked and Geeked classes, the document warns that:
Many ESIs, especially the Freaked, will start out pretty much as servants or curiosities, as will simulacra such as holographic entities, cyborgs, and clones. The Tweaked, on the contrary, will leverage power from the beginning. Conflicts will flare in regard to recognition and compensation: do ESIs or their designers, owners, and/or handlers receive credit and rewards for a job well done? What fate lies in store for ESIs rendered obsolete by improved technology? Norms will not necessarily be loyal to their ‘own’; many may align with ESIs, and Norm leaders who can work well with ESIs will flourish.[83]
Questions that are expected to arise include, “when can an ESI own property? When does a cyborg receive a paycheck?” Meanwhile, “geeked leaders who control singularity technologies will eventually yield leadership to the Tweaked and Freaked as the latter groups gain confidence and independence”.[84]
As part of a world in which this unfolds:
… sex is no longer the only generative force; that honor will be shared by the technologies that create the singularity. The true unseen powers are not higher powers per se, but the source of ESIs’ gifts and the networked links that connect them to that source.[85]
With technology supplanting reproductive and higher powers, the document counsels that, ultimately, “ESIs will influence social organization to reflect and favor the expression of their outsized talents”. It cautions, “as pre-Singularity humans, we need to discard the assumption that we will always exert control or leadership over technology … At no other time in human history has the locus of leadership shifted from the strictly human to beings with greater mental capacity than our own [italics original]”.[86]
Throughout, behind the brash and brazen forecasts, there is the unspoken assumption that Proteus’ military-intelligence power-centres and their private partners can and should steer civilian leadership into a transhumanist future. With the DoD having explicitly assumed leadership responsibility for the requisite R&D,[87, 88] societies’ transhumanist trajectory appears to have, thereby, effectively and quietly been placed under military rule, in the process removing that trajectory from public oversight and electoral accountability.
Operating safely outside public accountability and oversight, the military-intelligence community may take transhumanism in one of two directions. According to Proteus’ monograph, a technologically stratified Tweaked, Freaked and Geeked society “could imply a commitment to creativity and innovation, with society organized to favor artists, visionaries, scientists, and inventors rather than profit-takers. Or it could result in 1984-like scenarios due to the power endowed by invasive, body- and psyche-penetrating technologies”.[89]
We can’t help but posit here that the prospect of the military-intelligence establishment using its transhumanist technologies to craft a society of artists and visionaries is quite a stretch. The advent of 1984-like scenarios, however, particularly on the back of the Covid era, requires little imagination.
Either way, it seems sufficiently clear that, as with all other new technologies designed and produced with planned obsolescence in mind, the promise of market-driven solutions for corruptible flesh will continue to pit one class of tweaked against the freaked or the geeked. One need only glance at divisions between the new government-funded and promoted social classes of updated, castrated, and otherwise adulterated non-binary tweaked versus the ‘norms’, or the geeked, to see where this grand operation is headed. In the words of the historian of the future beloved by the Giant class, Yuval Noah Harari, “You want to know how super-intelligent cyborgs might treat ordinary flesh-and-blood humans? Better start by investigating how humans treat their less intelligent animal cousins.”
But is such rhetoric mere hyperbole? Do these “futures” scenarios bear any meaningful relation to reality, or Is “futurology” a quack science? Are the powerful actors and organisations behind those scenarios merely fantasising about what might be possible in some hypothetical future or alternative universe? More specifically, does Proteus have any track record forecasting world events?
Proteus Insights From 2020, Circa 2000
The International Proteus consortium (officially the Proteus Management Group) was established in 2005, for the purpose of advising senior decision-makers, planners and intelligence analysts internationally on how to apply what it called its ‘Proteus Insights’. Those Proteus Insights were intended “to help solve complex issues on the future geo-strategic landscape”.[90]
The ‘Proteus Insights’ around which the 2005 international consortium revolved came from an original, smaller group that had been sponsored by the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). The original group involved members from the Canadian Office of Technology Foresight, the Naval Postgraduate School, the U.S. Army War College, the NRO, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), the National Security Agency (NSA), and the office of the Director, Central Intelligence (DCI). This original smaller group appeared on the national security landscape with a book in 2000 titled, ‘Proteus: Insights from 2020’.[91] The foundational book engaged in scenario-based forecasting looking specifically to the year 2020. On the strength of the book and its visions for 2020, the subsequent, transnational state-corporate-UN consortium was formed, in order to carry the ‘Proteus Insights’ forward. (Including in the 2008 Tweaked, Freaked and Geeked monograph.)
And just what were Proteus’ insights for the year 2020, advanced in the year 2000? What did the group foresee on the horizon 20 years hence? What was the vision so compelling that ~ 30 military / intelligence bodies across 11 nations came on board to build upon it? Was it Oxford transhumanist Bostrom’s vision of new “aesthetic and contemplative pleasures whose blissfulness vastly exceeds what any human being has yet experienced”?[92]
No. It was not. It was a pandemic. At least according to the contemporary definition of the term. In Proteus’ ‘insights’ for the year 2020, buried among a selection of other scenarios lay the description of a series of intractably mutating and recurring viral outbreaks around the globe. In the years leading to 2020 The Virus™ of Proteus’ storyline crippled societies and economies, saw revocation of citizens’ rights and freedoms, created social divisions and, finally, reached “a global dystopian level of intensity” by 2020.[93] As if given by some Divine revelation to the ancient oracles, the viral dystopia in the Proteus forecast had been sparked by a novel virus in an unfamiliar land: a “new” virus which, unlike previous deadly viruses “was highly contagious and could be spread human to human through airborne and/or aerosol contact”.[94] Proteus’ “new” Virus™ “mutat[ed] so rapidly that very few people remained immune”.[95] As in the real world of 2020, unlike the common cold or flu, “victims of the virus often did not show symptoms for two or three weeks after infection. Thus, it was much easier to spread the virus unknowingly through travel and daily contact with others”.[96]. Accordingly, “viable states” such as the US and Europe closed their borders.[97]
And so it seems that life in 2020 imitated not only NASA Langley slides, as we outlined in Part 1, but Proteus Insights™ as well. The perfection of the global pantomime seems uncanny. These facts may beg the question for many: Is Proteus some sort of new-fangled New Age prophet?
It is particularly noteworthy that in 2000 Proteus invented a Virus™ distinguished by its asymptomatic transmission. This was a fiction that justified authoritarian governance and totalitarian control both in the Proteus scenario and in the real world. In the 2020 that ultimately came to pass, already by November a large study involving nearly 10 million subjects yielded not a single case of asymptomatic transmission.[98] Other work pointed to misinterpretation of meaninglessly high PCR cycle thresholds as the culprit, underpinning specious claims of asymptomatic infectiousness.[99, 100, 101]
Nevertheless, as in the Proteus scenario, this particular claimed feature of The Virus™ — doggedly maintained by real-world authorities despite evidence to the contrary — is what enabled repressive, authoritarian police-state tactics such as border closures, lockdowns, checkpoints, and vaccine passports for travel and participation in society.[eg 102-110]
In these and other details, Proteus forecasting from the year 2000 for a viral dystopia leading into the pivotal year of 2020 clearly sets the stage for the Rockefeller 2010 “Lockstep” scenario[111], Event 201 in October 2019[112], and many other ‘pandemic preparedness’ exercises.”
In the year 2000, as it advanced its ‘Insights from 2020’ Proteus wrote,
the symptoms of the new Virus … were horrible and confusing … For the first 3–5 days they mimicked those of a bad cold or flu … [but] then symptoms worsened to include violent coughing, difficult breathing and extremely high fever. In some cases, patients bled into the skin and other organs[113]
(Recall that early in the Covid operation death from internal bleeding and organ failure formed part of the seminal scare campaign). In the U.S. the elderly and vulnerable urban poor were the Proteus pandemic’s main victims. Once again correspondence with the details of the Covid operation is remarkably close.
Meanwhile in the real world, looking back over the past few years since the rollout of the 2020 pandemic narrative, with its ravages on the elderly and vulnerable as Proteus had prophesied, one cannot possibly maintain with any serious appeal to logic the argument that a virus possessed the ability to commit the mass atrocities we witnessed, including foreseeable and preventable death through lockdowns,[114, 115] treatment-suppression[116, 117] and vaccine mandates,[118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124] numbering in their millions and counting.[125, 126, 127]
In its main point of departure from the 2020 that came to pass, Proteus scheduled its series of worsening outbreaks to begin in 2010 (recall, however, that the flu season of 2009-2010 in the real world saw the failed Swine Flu scare),[128] such that by 2020 a rolling and recurring pandemic had upended the globe. Imagine the opportunities for enterprising investors expanding their portfolios and entering the vaccine development sector back in 2000. A tip of the cap to Bill and Melinda Gates for their launch of the Foundation in 2000 that would become the centre of the Covid show in 2020.
The Proteus scenario explained:
The world of 2020 looks bleak. Since 2010, the globe has been swept by highly contagious, deadly viruses that flare, die down and return in mutated form. The World economy has declined sharply as trade and commerce have dried up, and is now mired in a serious, long-term recession. Many nations have become either authoritarian, ruled by demagogic strongmen, or simply succumbed to chaos.[129]
With this in mind we muse: Was the failed over-hyping of the 2009-2010 Swine Flu[130] an effort to build more gradually to the viral dystopia of 2020, as per the Proteus vision? Was it a coincidence that in 2009 the WHO definition of ‘pandemic’ was watered down,[131] making the Swine Flu scare (and the Covid operation) possible? Were it not for diligent and perspicacious European parliamentarians and rapporteurs thwarting a co-ordinated over-reaction to the Swine Flu in 2010,[132, 133, 134] might the timing and pace of The Virus™ that upended the globe in 2020 have more closely matched Proteus’ schedule? Needless to say, such questions will remain unanswered. It is, however, worth noting, as we explore in Part 3, that during a 2004 presentation on Proteus ‘Insights from 2020’ to a Command and Control symposium, the US Army War College Center for Strategic Leadership described “biological viruses” as “instruments of power”.[135] Regardless, it is a testament to the Blitzkreig shock-and-awe propaganda operations[136, 137] and psychological warfare[138] of 2020 that, ultimately, Proteus’ vision became a reality, seemingly overnight.
As Proteus’ fictional pandemic wore on, “the world economy continued in decline”. In the US, society became “highly divisive and fragmented”. Around the world, “developed countries struggled with civil libertarian issues … [By 2020] people have become adjusted to fewer personal freedoms … Individuals carry a ‘MedID’ used to enter anywhere, even one’s own home, and it is necessary to walk through an ‘AntiViro chamber’ to go out of the house, or to pass in and out of enclaves .…There is extensive security camera surveillance in high risk areas”.[139]
Fast forward from the Proteus’ scenario to 2020 and although MedIDs disappeared as swiftly as they arrived amidst mass global citizen resistance [140, 141, 142, 143], the failed real-world push for ‘vaccine passports’ had been planned in advance by the European Commission [144], and was backed by MITRE, a leading military-intelligence contractor.[145] Meanwhile, extensive security camera surveillance is on its way in 15-minute city zones.
Was it the erosion of citizen rights and freedoms and heavy biodigital surveillance that peaked the international intelligence community’s interest in Proteus following its publication of Insights from 2020?
Finally, in a development involving a pandemic-inspired global transfer of power, Proteus declared of its disease-ridden 2020 world:
The World Health Organization (WHO) is now the most important international organization … The United Nations coordinates military security efforts with WHO programs.[146]
Which seems rather prescient in light of the upcoming WHO pandemic treaty and revisions to International Health Regulations (IHR), under which unelected WHO functionaries would gain broad powers to unilaterally declare global health emergencies. With subsequent emergency powers the WHO could assume authority to compel, rather than advise, member states to comply with WHO directives. Those WHO directives could include the imposition of ‘health certificates’ and vaccine passports[147, 148, 149] — or ‘MedID’s’, vaccine mandates, quarantining of citizens, and ‘disinformation’ measures, together affecting freedom of movement, freedom of speech and other citizen entitlements and fundamental rights. Negotiations for the IHR amendments have been held largely in secret, and are slated for possible adoption, along with the WHO Pandemic Treaty, at the 77th World Health Assembly in May of 2024, more or less on schedule, if slightly delayed, according to Proteus’ ‘insights’.[150, 151, 152, 153]
In short, Proteus has an uncanny history of forecasting world events. Accordingly, we wonder, would it be wise to ignore Proteus — this time on the issue of Tweaked, Freaked and Geeked classes — a second time around?
To address these sorts of questions, we dig more deeply in Part 3 into specific preparations being made for transhumanists societies, both conceptually and in policy terms, with attention to dual use technologies (those with both civilian and military applications), and military operations in civilian disguise. Part 4 focuses on concrete underlying R&D, leading back to the Covid epoch and the role that injectable bio/nano platforms play in transhumanism and the new public health theatre.
References to Part 2
[1] Bushnell, D. 2001. Future Strategic Issues/Future Warfare [Circa 2025]. Presentation to The 4th Annual Testing and Training for Readiness Symposium & Exhibition: Emerging Challenges, Opportunities and Requirements, National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA), 13-16 August 2001. NASA Langley Research Center. Internet Archive. [Website]
[2] The White House. no date. National Science and Technology Council. Office of Science and Technology Policy. [Website]
[3] Roco, M.C., and Bainbridge, W. Eds. 2001. Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: NSET [Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology Subcommittee] Workshop Report. National Science Foundation, cover page. [Website]
[4] National Science and Technology Council. 2000. National Nanotechnology Initiative: The Initiative and its Implementation Plan. National Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology, Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology. [Website]
[5] Executive office of the President of the United States. 2016. Charter of the Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology, Committee on Technology, National Science and Technology Council. [Website]
[6] Roco, M.C., and Bainbridge, W. 2001. (Eds) op. cit., p.1. [Website]
[7] Roco, M.C., and Bainbridge, W. 2001. (Eds) op. cit., pp. 1 and iv. [Website]
[8] Hauth, C.P. 2010. Nanotechnology: Threats and Deterrent Opportunities by 2035. Research report submitted to the Air War College Air University, p.7. [Website]
[10] Roco, M.C., and Bainbridge, W. 2001. (Eds) op. cit.,p.vi. [Website]
[11] Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). 2010. AFRL Nanoscience Technologies: Applications, Transitions and Innovations. Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, p.4. [Website]
[15] Roco, M.C. and Bainbridge, W., Eds. 2002. Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance: Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology and Cognitive Science. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. [Website]
[17] Claverie, B., and Du Cluzel, F. 2021. “Cognitive Warfare”: The Advent of the Concept of “Cognitics” in the Field of Warfare. In B. Claverie, B. Prébot, N. Buchler, and F. du Cluzel, Eds. Cognitive Warfare: The Future of Cognitive Dominance. NATO Collaboration Support Office, p.6. [Website]
[18] DoD. 2000. Defense Science and Technology Strategy 2000. Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, p.1. [Website]
[31] Emanuel, P., Walper, S., DiEuliis, D., Klein, N., Petro, J.B., and Giordano, J. 2019. Cyborg Soldier 2050: Human/Machine Fusion and the Implication for the Future of the DoD. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Chemical Biological Center, sponsored by the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering. [Website]
[36] Hughes, D. 2024. Wall Street, the Nazis, and the Crimes of the Deep State. Skyhorse, pp. 74-77, 142-145.
[37] Hughes, D., Kyrie, V., and Broudy, D. 2022. Covid-19: Mass Formation or Mass Atrocity? Unlimited Hangout. [Website]
[38] Knuffke, L. 2022. Obama admits COVID jab has been “clinically tested on billions” while chastising Americans who refused. April 22. LifeSite News. [Website]
[39] Taylor, R.M. 2006. Human Automation Integration for Supervisory Control of UAVs. Defense Science and Technology Laboratory, UK Ministry of Defence and NATO. [Website]
[41] Olds, J. 2019. Ideas Lab for Imagining Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Cognition in the USAF of 2030. Final Report of a 15 month project sponsored by the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research, with contributors from Northrup Grumman and Raytheon. [Website]
[42] Chu, M. W. 2016. U.S. Patent No. 9,277,988. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. In Olds, J. 2019. op. cit., p.47. [Website]
[43] Urban, G. A. 2008. Micro-and nanobiosensors—state of the art and trends. Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 20, No. 1. In Olds, J. 2019. op. cit., p.47. [Website]
[44] Alam, M. A., Elibol, O. H., and Haque, A. 2015. Editorial IEEE Access special section editorial: Nanobiosensors. IEEE Access, Vol. 3, pp.1477-1479. In Olds, J. 2019. op. cit., p.47. [Website]
[45] Kryger, M., Wester, B., Pohlmeyer, E. A., Rich, M., John, B., Beaty, J., McLoughlin, M., Boninger, M., and Tyler-Kabara, E. C. 2017. Flight simulation using a Brain-Computer Interface: A pilot, pilot study. Experimental Neurology, Vol. 287, pp. 473-478. In Olds, J. 2019. op. cit., p.47. [Website]
[47] Serruya, M. D., Hatsopoulos, N. G., Paninski, L., Fellows, M. R., & Donoghue, J. P. 2002. Brain-machine interface: Instant neural control of a movement signal. Nature, Vol. 416, No. 6877, p.141. In Olds, J. 2019. op. cit., p.47. [Website]
[48] Guenther, F. H., Brumberg, J. S., Wright, E. J., Nieto-Castanon, A., Tourville, J. A., Panko, M., Law, R., Siebert, S.A., Bartels, J.L., D.S. Andreasen, Ehirim, P., Mao, H., Kennedy, P.R. 2009. A wireless brain-machine interface for real-time speech synthesis. PloS One, Vol. 4, No. 12, e8218. In Olds, J. 2019. op. cit., p.47. [Website]
[49] Nair, P. 2013. Brain–machine interface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, No. 46, pp.18343-18343. In Olds, J. 2019. op. cit., p.47. [Website]
[50] Walsh, C. J., Pasch, K., and Herr, H. 2006. An autonomous, underactuated exoskeleton for load-carrying augmentation. Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing China. IEEE. In Olds, J. 2019. op. cit., p.47. [Website]
[51] Mengüç, Y., Park, Y. L., Martinez-Villalpando, E., Aubin, P., Zisook, M., Stirling, L., Wood, R.J., and Walsh, C. J. 2013. Soft wearable motion sensing suit for lower limb biomechanics measurements. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Karlsruhe, Germany. IEEE. In Olds, J. 2019. op. cit., p.47. [Website]
[52] Giancardo, L., Sanchez-Ferro, A., Arroyo-Gallego, T., Butterworth, I., Mendoza, C. S., Montero, P., Matarazzo, M., Obeso, J.A., Gray, M.L., and Estépar, R. S. J. 2016. Computer keyboard interaction as an indicator of early Parkinson’s disease. Scientific reports, Vol. 6, Article No. 34468. In Olds, J. 2019. op. cit., p.47. [Website]
[53] Zia, A. I. 2015. Smart electrochemical sensing system for the real time detection of endocrine disrupting compounds and hormones: Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electronics Engineering. Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand. In Olds, J. 2019. op. cit., p.47. [Website]
[54] Appelboom, G., Camacho, E., Abraham, M. E., Bruce, S. S., Dumont, E. L., Zacharia, B. E., D’Amico, R., Slomian, J., Reginster, J.Y., Bruyere, O., and Connolly, E. S. 2014. Smart wearable body sensors for patient self-assessment and monitoring. Archives of Public Health, Vol. 72, No. 1. In Olds, J. 2019. op. cit., p.47. [Website]
[55] ibid.
[56] Urban, G. A. 2008. Micro-and nanobiosensors – state of the art and trends. Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 20, No. 1, 012001. In Olds, J. 2019. op. cit., p.47. [Website]
[57] Alam, M. A., Elibol, O. H., and Haque, A. 2015. IEEE Access Special Section Editorial: Nanobiosensors. IEEE Access, Vol. 3, pp. 1477-1479. In Olds, J. 2019. op. cit., p.47. [Website]
[59] Vahle, M.W. 2020. Opportunities and Implications of Brain-Computer Interface Technology. Wright Flyer Papers No. 75. Air University Press, Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. [Website]
[62] Bushnell, D. 2011. BlueTech Forum 2011 – Keynote Presentation: Dennis Bushnell, Chief Scientist, NASA Langley. Blue Tech Research, YouTube. [Website]
[67] DARPA. 2019. Six Paths to the Nonsurgical Future of Brain-Machine Interfaces. Media Release. [Website]
[68] Rivers, B.M. 2019. Battelle awarded contract by DARPA to develop non-surgical neurotech. Executive Biz – Latest Federal & Government Contracting Companies’ News Coverage. [Website]
[69] Vahle, M.W. 2020. op. cit., pp.v and 18. [Website]
[70] House of Representatives. 2016. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017: Conference Report to Accompany S.2943. Washington. US Government Publishing Office, p.1130. [Website]
[75] Kunstler, B. 2008. Leadership in the era of the human singularity: New demands, new skills, new response. The Proteus Monograph Series, Vol. 2, Issue 1, cover page. [Website]
[89] Kunstler, B. 2008. op. cit., p. 26. [Website]
[90] Waddel, B., and Wimbush, B. 2006. Proteus: New Insights for a New Age – The Proteus Futures Academic Workshop. Issue Paper, US Army War College Center for Strategic Leadership, p.2. [Website]
[91] Loescher, M., Schroeder, C., and Thomas, C.W. 2000. Proteus: Insights from 2020. United States: The Copernicus Institute Press. [Website]
[92] Bostrom, N. 2003. Human Genetic Enhancement: A Transhumanist Perspective. Journal of Value Inquiry, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 493-506. [Journal]
[93] Daniel, K. 2020. The Proteus 2020 Futures Study and the Corona Pandemic. Medium. [Website]
[94] Loescher, M., Schroeder, C., and Thomas, C.W. 2000. op. cit., p. B-x. [Website]
[98] Cao, S., Gan, Y., Wang, C., Bachmann, M., Wei, S., Gong, J., Huang, Y., Wang, T., Li, L., Lu, K., Jiang, H., Gong, Y., Xu, H., Shen,. X, Tian, Q., Lv, C., Song, F., Yin, X., Lu, Z. 2020. Post-lockdown SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid screening in nearly ten million residents of Wuhan, China. Nature Communications, Vol. 11, No. 1. 5917. [Journal]
[99] Jefferson, T., Spencer, E.A., Brassey, J., Heneghan, C. 2021. Viral cultures for coronavirus disease 2019 infectivity assessment: A systematic review, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Vol. 73, No, 11, pp. e3884–e3899, [Journal]
[100] Children’s Health Defense. 2020. COVID-19 Testing PCR — A Critical Appraisal. [Website]
[101] Boger, P., Maholtra, R.K., Yeadon, M., Craig, C., McKernan, K., Steger, K., McSheehy, P., Angelova, L., Franchi, F., Binder, T., Ullrich, H., Makoto, O., Scoglio, S., Doesburg-van Kleffens, M., Gilbert, D., Klement, R.J., Schrüfer, R., Pieksma, B., Bonte, J., Dalle Carbonare, B., Corbett, K., and Kämmer, U. 2020. External peer review of the RTPCR test to detect SARS-CoV-2 reveals 10 major scientific flaws at the molecular and methodological level: consequences for false positive results. Zenodo.[Journal]
[102] Children’s Health Defense Team. 2021. Heavy-handed marketing of COVID vaccines, passports brings George Orwell’s ‘freedom Is slavery’ to the fore. The Defender: Children’s Health Defense News and Views. [Website]
[103] Beehive.gov.nz. 2021. Vaccine pass ready for a Kiwi summer. Media release. Official Website of the New Zealand Government. [Website]
[104] CBC News. 2021. Province reveals new details on vaccine passport system as Ontario reports 577 new COVID-19 cases: Proof-of-vaccination system comes into effect on Sept. 22. CBC. [Website]
[105] Captaindaretofly. 2022. Western Australia premier says Covid-19 vaccine passport mandates could last for years. The Expose. [Website]
[106] Captaindaretofly. 2021. Israel considering shortening covid vaccine passport validity to 6 months for those who don’t get booster shot. The Expose. [Website]
[107] McBride. A.V. 2021. Vaccine passports have arrived in New York. Here’s how to fight back. The Defender: Children’s Health Defense News and Views. [Website]
[108] Chossudovsky, M. 2021. The criminalization of big pharma, mRNA vaccine deaths and injuries. EU adopts “digital vaccine passport”. Global Research. [Website]
[109] Loffredo, J., & Blumenthal, M. 2021. ‘Cloak and dagger’ military-intelligence outfit at center of US digital vaccine passport push. The Grayzone. [Website]
[110] Nevradakis, M. 2022. U.S. developing vaccine passport system using complex web of big tech partnerships. The Defender: Children’s Health Defense News and Views. [Website]
[111] The Rockefeller Foundation and the Global Business Network. 2010. Scenarios for the Future of Technology and International Development. [Website]
[112] Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Health Security. 2019. Tabletop Exercise: Event 201. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Health Security, The World Economic Forum, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. [Website]
[113] Loescher, M., Schroeder, C., and Thomas, C.W. 2000. op. cit., p. B-xi. [Website]
[114] Bhattacharya, J., and Packalen, M. 2020. Lives vs Lives – the Global Cost of Lockdown. The Spectator. [Website]
[115] Green, T., and Battacharya, J. 2021. Lockdowns are Killers in the Global South. Unherd. [Website]
[116] Risch, H. 2022. This is the Biggest Lie of Covidistan. The Steve Deace Show, Rumble. [Website]
[117] Mercola, J. Ivermectin Could Have Saved ‘Millions’ of Lives — But Doctors Were Told Not to Use It. The Defender: Children’s Health Defense News and Views. [Website]
[118] Covid Medical Network. Open Letter to Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI), the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) and Australian Federal Health Department, pp. 21-13. Covid Medical Network.
[119] Armstrong, M. 2021. VAERS Admits Fewer Than 1% of Vaccine Adverse Events are Reported. Armstrong Economics. [Website]
[120] Beattie, K. 2021. Worldwide Bayesian Causal Impact Analysis of Vaccine Administration on Deaths and Cases Associated with COVID-19: A BigData Analysis of 145 Countries. ResearchGate. [Website]
[121] Expose. 2022. Government Publishes Horrific Figures on COVID Vaccine Deaths: 1 in 482 Dead Within a Month, 1 in 246 Dead Within 60 Days, & 1 in 73 Dead by May 2022. The Expose. [Website]
[122] Goss, J. Covid-19 Statistics, 2022. All the Goss. [Website[
[123] Oller, J., and Santiago, D. 2022. All cause mortality and COVID-19 injections: Evidence from 28 weeks of Public Health England ‘COVID-19 Vaccine Surveillance Reports’. International Journal of Vaccine Theory Practice and Research, Vol. 2., No. 2., pp.301-319. [Journal]
[124] Santiago, D., and Oller, J. 2023. Abnormal clots and all-cause mortality during the pandemic experiment: Five doses of COVID-19 vaccine are evidently lethal to nearly all medicare participants. International Journal of Vaccine Theory Practice and Research, Vol. 3., No. 1., pp.847-890. [Journal]
[128] Flynn, P. 2010. The Handling of the H1N1 Pandemic: More Transparency Needed. Report by the Rapporteur for the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE). [Website]
[129] Loescher, M., Schroeder, C., and Thomas, C.W. 2000. op. cit., p. B-i. [Website]
[130] Corbett, J. 2009. Medical Martial Law. The Corbett Report. [Website]
[131] Loffredo, J. 2020. Same story, different decade: How WHO’s definition of a global pandemic benefits big pharma. The Defender: Children’s Health Defense News & Views. [Website]
[132] Engdahl, W.F. 2010. European Parliament to investigate WHO and “pandemic” scandal. Healtcare-in-Europe.com. [Website]
[140] Off Guardian. 2021. Updated: Vaccine passport protests around the world. Off Guardian. [Website]
[141] Charbonneau, D. 2022. 11,000-truck, 93-mile-long ‘freedom convoy’ protests Canada’s vaccine mandate, as Government digs in heels. The Defender: Children’s Health Defense News & Views. [Website]
[143] Navradakis, M. 2022. As protests erupt, some countries backtrack on COVID mandates while others double down. The Defender: Children’s Health Defense News & Views. [Website]
[144] Roadmap on Vaccination. 2022. Roadmap for the Implementation of Actions by the European Commission Based on the Commission Communication and the Council Recommendation on Strengthening Cooperation Against Vaccine Preventable Diseases. Roadmap on Vaccination Update Q3. European Commission. [Website]
[145] Loffredo, J., and Blumenthal, M. 2021. op. cit. [Website]
[146] Loescher, M., Schroeder, C., and Thomas, C.W. 2000. op. cit., p.B-xxiii. [Website]
[147] Kheriaty, A. 2022. The WHO treaty is tied to a global digital passport and ID system. Brownstone Institute. [Website]
[148] WHO. 2023. The European Commission and WHO launch landmark digital health initiative to strengthen global health security. WHO News. [Website]
[149] Knightly, K. 2022. WHO moving forward on GLOBAL vaccine passport program. Off Guardian. [Website]
[150] Knightly, K. 2022. “Pandemic Treaty” will hand WHO keys to global government. Off Guardian. [Website]
[151] Nass, M. 2024. World Health Organization: Why is everyone concerned about the WHO? Door to Freedom. [Website]
[152] Nevradakis, M. 2023. International Health Regulations Amendments Will Give WHO Unprecedented Power to Override National Sovereignty, Expert Warns. The Defender: Children’s Health Defense News & Views. [Website]
[153] Alliance for Natural Health International. 2024. Think WHO shouldn’t make decisions about your health? You must be a conspiracy theorist. The Defender: Children’s Health Defense News & Views. [Website]
Lissa JohnsonDr. Lissa Johnson is an independent researcher who writes about the psychological aspects of public affairs, psychological operations, human rights abuse, citizenship, and the exercise and abuse of power. Her qualifications include undergraduate degrees in media studies and in behavioural science, with an honours thesis in neuroimmunology, an MA in clinical psychology, and a PhD on the psychological processes involved in manipulating reality-perception. She has written extensively on the persecution of Julian Assange and the war on Wikileaks. Her work has appeared in The Lancet, Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, Canberra Times, WAtoday, and New Matilda, among others. From 2003, Lissa began a practice in clinical psychology and in 2023 relinquished her psychologist registration due to repressive health practitioner legislation. In 2024, she stepped down as Director, exiting the health profession. Her current focus is on the social-psychological aspects of the Covid era, the role of military-intelligence agencies, and transhumanism.View all posts
Daniel BroudyWith a doctorate in applied psycholinguistics and experience as an imagery analyst, Daniel Broudy lectures in areas ranging from communication theory to visual rhetoric and from composition to rhetorical grammar. His research focuses on sounds, symbols, signs, images, and colors as tools deployed by centers of power to shape knowledge and influence human perception and emotion. Selections of his scholarly work can be found at ResearchGate. Daniel is an Associate Researcher with the Working Group on Propaganda and the 9/11 Global ‘War on Terror’.View all posts
David A. HughesWith doctorates in German Studies and International Relations, David A. Hughes lectures in areas including security studies, international relations theory, foreign policy analysis, globalization, and US exceptionalism. His research focuses on psychological warfare, “9/11,” “COVID-19,” the deep state, intelligence crime, technocracy, resurgent totalitarianism, and the class relations behind psychological operations. Selections of his work can be found on Academia.edu. David is an Associate Researcher with the Working Group on Propaganda and the 9/11 Global “War on Terror.”
“Sat Yoga Institute2 hours agoWe’re Deep in the Deceptocene! READ SHUNYAMURTI’S NEW ESSAY: https://bit.ly/deceptocene With the invention of AI, we have crossed an epochal boundary: We have left behind the Anthropocene and have entered the Deceptocene. Humans are no longer in charge. Our lives are being determined by robotic intelligences using vast digital powers to surveil, control, and eliminate inconvenient human organisms. Nearly everything we read and see on the internet now are lies. We are being deceived not only by censorship, official propaganda, and massive amounts of verbal disinformation throughout the media, but by deep fake images. Photos and videos can no longer be trusted. We are constantly being deceived. Even our minds are deceiving us. To survive the Deceptocene, we will have to get Real.”
“Screwing up your DNA
Let’s now first take a look at what a pharma millionaire says about the vax. His name is Dimitris Giannakopoulos, CEO of Vianex in Greece. (You can find more details about his message on Frontnieuws.com.)
“Many people ask me if I am injected and with which vaccine. No, I am not injected and I will not be injected. Not because I am afraid of side effects, but because I do not allow my DNA to be screwed up.”